Melting Point Lab OC

The bob]active of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of melting point determination. Also, to discover the identity of an unknown compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction: The range of temperatures between the temperature at which the first crystal Just stats to melt and the temperature at which the last crystal disappears Is known as a melting point. There are two many reasons that melting points provided us. The first purpose is to regulate the purity off substance.And the second purpose is to determine the identity off material. Melting points are frequently used to establish f the correct compound has been acquired. When performed correctly, the precision of any melting point should be +ICC when related to the literature values; allowing for variations In the PM due to experimental error. A mixed compound can also be supported. A mixed melting point is one were a compound is mixed with additional substance and the PM determined. If the sample s melt at the same time, resulting that the samples are identical.However, if the samples are not the same, the mixture will melt below the +30 C allowed error range and over a wider range (greater than 30 C). This Is the technique that Is used o determine the unknown compound in this laboratory While performing this lab, there are two principle sources of experimental error in determining melting points. Thermometer error is one, and this is a source of error one cannot control. As a result, this is not usually worried about. Human error is the other error than can happen.Human error Is mostly mechanical error that is direct result of how one does things. An error specific to the Melting Point Lab Is the packing of the capillary tube. If too much solid Is placed In the tube, It will take a very long time to melt, resulting in higher temperatures recorded. Leading one to â€Å"false range†, as a result lead one to the incorrect conclusion about the melting point and purity. T he second source of mechanical error that can be seen in this laboratory is rate heating. If too much heat Is applied, the mercury rises quickly, again giving a false range.Set the Mel-Temp to heat up to a temperature below the melting points of both compounds and to heat up at what ever interval works best for the experiment (60 degrees C) and an interval of 10 degrees a minute was recommended) D. Once the Mel-Temp has reached the temperature you set place the tube containing the vanilla in the middle slot of the machine E. Record the temperature at the first sight of liquid and again when the compound is completely melted F. Repeat the same procedure for the aspirin and the 50:50 mix Ill.Procedure of Part Two A. Obtain an unknown substance (substance B) B. Pack a capillary tube with the unknown substance and place it in the Mel-Temp machine. Following the same procedure as you did with the vanilla, aspirin, and 50:50 mix; recording the temperature at the first appearance of liquid and once the compound has completely melted C. Once the melting point has been found (114 degrees C), refer to the chart provided in the lab manual to see what the possibilities or the unknown compound are (Actinide or Fluorine) D.Choose one of the possible compounds to repeat the experiment with the chosen compound and a 50:50 mix of the known and unknown (Fluorine) E. If the melting point of all three tubes is the same you chose the correct compound, if the melting point was significantly lower it was the other compound that was listed as an option Results and Conclusion: The substance we obtained was Unknown B. After packing a melting point tube with Unknown B, we determined the melting point by placing the capillary tube in the Mel-Temp. Unknown Bi's melting point was 114 C.From the list of possible unknown compounds, we looked at the initial melting point, which was 114 C and choose to mix it with Fluorine, whose melting point was also 114 C. After performing a 50:50 mixture o f the unknown and known compounds, we were able to define that unknown B was Actinide. We were able to establish this because after mixing the unknown and the known, the melting point was lower, 98 C. Since the melting point was lower, we were able to conclude that two compounds were mixed; as a result unknown B was Actinide.

Motivational Letter Example Essay

This letter is to express my interest in bringing my diverse professional background and experience to your organization.   I possess excellent interpersonal skills and am effective in motivating, mentoring, and coaching others demonstrating solid leadership skills. As you can gather from my attached resume, I am currently working as a Realtor for a major real estate firm.   My professional background includes working in both the public and private sector and it demonstrates my flexibility and adaptability to work in a variety of work environments. In addition to the skills noted on my attached resume, I can also offer your organization: Excellent customer service skills and a proven ability to increase customer satisfaction. An ability to work in a fast-paced environment utilizing my multi-tasking skills. Self-motivated and goal-oriented professional dedicated to achieving personal and professional growth. It is my hope that my education and professional experience will convey to you that I have the qualifications to make a valuable contribution as a School Counselor at any institution.   Should you have any questions, I can be reached at the number listed above.

Opening sequence of “Star Wars-episode iv, A New Hope” Essay

â€Å"Star Wars† was arguably the first in a new breed of high concept, high budget sci-fi action films. It was directed by George Lucas and originally released in only a few cinemas in 1977. However, the buzz around the film grew, and it is now one of the highest grossing films of all time, and along with its sequels, prequels and re-mastered re-releases, has a large cult following. I feel this is because of Lucas` ability to engage the audience through careful use of sound and camera technique; The use of the scrolling story in space sets up many audience expectations, that the action will be set in space, and that it will base around a struggle between the rebels and the Empire. Narration is a fairly formal method of exposition, linked to the old style fairytale format, preparing the audience for a classic narrative and easily recognizable characters, and expectation that is fulfilled throughout the film (Leia is the princess needing rescue, Vader the â€Å"baddie† and Han Solo is the knight and shining armour for example). However, the traditional fairytale narrative also dictates that there should be a happy ending with all the loose ends tied up. This is not the case, for whilst the film ends on an up beat note, the ultimate threat of the Empire has not been neutralized, and has to be dealt with in a separate film. The opening section begins with what appears to us to be a large space ship, flying in from the bottom of the screen at great speed, instantly creating the enigma of who it is moving away from and why they are being fired upon. The next thing we experience is a truly huge battle cruiser gently fly in from the same direction, dwarfing the one seen before. This sets the audience up to expect grand scale- big ships and big battles. The ship rebel ship is relatively battered and older looking. This shows the rebels as the underdog, endearing them to the audience, and insinuates that this has been a long drawn out battle, preparing the audience for the fatigued chaos we see inside the ship. This contrasts sharply with the slick, cold battle cruiser, with a blue tint used to show the coldness of the empire. Because of the obvious superiority of the empires ship, we feel that it is a mismatch of power and begin to resent the empire for  persecuting the rebels. The non-diagetic sound of firing used throughout is cold and artificial, making it sound like they are using some unknown technology. This sound is heard almost constantly though the section and so only becomes conspicuous through its absence, and reinforces the relentlessness of the battle. The parallel editing from a shot of the ship sustaining damage to the people inside reacting to it help to link the outside battle with the following scenes in the rebel ship. Throughout this section, almost all shots of the rebels involve movement, conveying panic and inciting it in the audience as we realize that this is building up to something big. The walls of the rebel ship are bright white, and are fairly spacious. This contrast with the dark black interior of the empire ship we see later as the droids try to escape. The whiteness has almost heavenly connotations, making the audience feel like they are in a â€Å"good† place, and relatively secure. The black walls of the empire ship give a claustrophobic feel, and make the audience uncomfortable and want to escape. The constant non-diagetic background music is a march, based around horns, a traditionally powerful instrument, typically used to provide music for war films. It also mimics the raised, panicked heartbeat of the rebels. It subconsciously raises our own heartbeat, making the audience feel like they are part of the rebel â€Å"team† The CU’s on the rebel’s faces allow the audience to recognize the rebel’s terror, increasing their own anticipation. By seeing their faces, it humanizes the rebels and prepares the audience to be on their side, instead of the cold, expressionless masks of the empire. During these rebel shots, there are MCU’s on the two robots, a technique used throughout the sequence and indeed the film to distinguish the central characters. We also realize they are important because their bright metallic colouring makes them stand out from the background of uniformed rebels. Their voices are quite comical; C3P0’s English accent is so camp and inappropriate to the action packed setting that the audience find themselves laughing. R2D2’s language is not easily decipherable, and so many laughs are gained by inferring what he has said by C3P0’s response. This section introduces the audience to the idea that these characters will provide the comic relief for the film, and indeed, their presence in this section allows the audience to relieve a little of their tension by laughing, this is important because of the family based nature of the film, parents do not want their young children to be too scared. The camera moves to a tight shot of the door, framing it within the screen, showing that all attention is now diverted to it. The sparks from the cutters are exaggerated , to emphasise their importance, and run around the screen, creating the impression that the intruders are breaking into the audience’s real world, further allying them with the rebels. The Storm troopers break through, and an eye line shot from their perspective is used to show the rebels firing back; connoting a â€Å"new perspective† has arrived. The cutters continue, and when the camera cuts back, they have created a smoke screen , and enigma is created as to what will appear next. At this point, all sound cuts to silence, leaving the audience with the sound of their own raised heartbeat and breathing and intensifying the anticipation. When Vader steps through, only his exaggerated breathing is heard, focusing all our attention on him, making the audience question why he needs a respirator. Vader is instantly identifiable as â€Å"evil†, the shot place him at the center of the screen, and he is dressed head to toe in black, as opposed to rebel white ship, a symbol of the goodness of their principles and their â€Å"purity†, they have no need for masks or machines. The non-diagetic music then begins its â€Å"Empire† motif, an easily recognizable section used whenever Vader is around or to imply his involvement. This contrasts with the rebel motif that was heard at the very beginning of the section, and is one of the most easily identifiable pieces of film music in history. The use of these motifs enhances the binary opposition of good and evil by giving them completely different music. It also helps build an international cult following, because the iconic music is assessable to all. This makes the audience feel smug at being part of a community that recognizes these motifs. Cut to POV shot, C3PO watching R2D2 receive the message from Leia. Leia is instantly recognizable as a princess- she is shot in soft focus and gentle non-diagetic music plays, to mirror the implied gentleness of her personality. The long shot used means we cannot see her face, so it establishes an enigma as to who she is, whom she is sending the message to and what the message is. During this sequence, the gentle non-diagetic music and the lack of firing sounds allow the audience to feel relaxed for a short moment. This is a classic act of retardation as they are immediately confronted with Vader, in a MCU two shot with his commander. The way that Vader dominates the frame shows his superiority over the commander. Vader’s voice is very deep and rasping, and sounds processed. This makes him appear â€Å"other worldly†, and the deepness of his voice is traditionally linked to big characters, such as monsters or giants. This makes the audience feel very small and insignificant The CU of the soldiers legs is shot from a low angle, further emphasizing Vader’s stature and Making the audience aware of his dangerous strength and his Jedi powers, which sets up an audience expectation about use of â€Å"the force† The CU on Leia’s face is a contrast to the strength and brutality of the last, as it is once again in soft focus. The conversation between her and Vader is a montage of eye line shots and FS’s, with them at either side of the screen. The eye line shots are very confrontational, designed to make the audience feel as if they are right in the middle of their argument. The full shot conveys to the audience that their views oppose each other, and  reinforces the binary opposites- black vs. white, empire vs. rebels, young vs. old ect. By showing us the droids entering the escape pod, it creates an unrestricted narrative; the audience knows what is inside. Because of this knowledge, we feel superior to the empire troops, who let it pass, further reinforcing our allegiance to the rebels.

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute Essay

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute - Essay Example During the three-year journey of professional photography at Brooks Institute, I felt myself to be growing from an amateur photographer who shots everything he sees, to an advertising-oriented photographer who now has a clear focus on still-life and product photography. The credit for this goes to the great instructors at the Brooks Institute. With their guidance, I produced a body of work that can proudly be presented in the graduation review panel. In summer 2014, I was thrilled to get an opportunity of working as an intern with Bill Cahill (a top-class product photographer in Los Angeles, California) to get a hands-on experience in the advertising industry. I was of the view that everything will turn out to be perfectly fine after I graduate in August. At this point, however, I met Norman Maslovs; a successful businessman who represents numerous world’s leading photographers. Norman’s assertion was that photographers, who have a collection of fine-art work, always draw more attention of the art buyers and agencies than the ones who only work in the commercial sector. Norman’s words broadened my vision of the photographic world and I was convinced that a blend of commercial and fine art photography would give me a spark in the industry. I came to the conclusion that fine art together with my commercial photography background would lead me to a better photography career in the long run. Consequently, keeping in view Norman’s advice I decided to pursue my study further to earn a graduate degree in Fine Art related Photography. During my affiliation with the Brooks Institute, I have always been profoundly interested in works of arts that were made by master students of fine arts. I feel that that photograph of a dead chicken lying in a wooden box (The Recipe Can Change, by Hugo Martinez) or a shattered ambrotype of a railway (Disconnected, by Cyndi Di Micco) are both amazing to look at. Having figured out the meaning behind such pieces of arts, my desire to appreciate such artworks has always increased.  

Marketing Strategy Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Strategy Proposal - Essay Example Mostly strength and weaknesses involves the evaluation of factors related to internal business capabilities, Opportunities and threats keenly deal with the external factors that somehow affect the business. Companies always design a strength assessment to measure their competencies.Here, a business thoroughly evaluate its marketing and promotion objectives for it strength based on its internal capabilities (Lussier, 2012). To optimize the development occurring in the beverage market, Starbuck has failed to perfectly match its strength to the existing opportunities. With its reputation of producing high quality products, which attract potential customers daily, the company has to effectively assign resources to exploit this business. Starbucks need to develop efficient strategies that inform its potential client of its reputation for quality and its close proximity.Secondly, Starbucks should ensure it gives its best sales representative the responsibility to sign up new businesses it has created with its new customers. The company should intensively research on its new prospective customer’s preference (Levy & Weitz, 2007). This will help it appear as if there is a natural match with the new customers thus increasing their loyalty to the company’s product. ... In a SWOT analysis, companies always assesses their internal weaknesses to identify what they are not able to do based on their existing abilities.Starbuck, in many countries has been facing market penetration challenges. This has solely been blamed on weaknesses of its sales approach. The company need to address this identified weakness by fixing or completely eliminating it. Though it can’t completely eliminate its sales approach, the company can opt to train its sales personnel and allocate them some extra tools (Kotler & Lee, 2005). Secondly, to overcome this marketing problem, Starbucks need to invest in customer relationship management softwares, and then ensure it avails them to its sales personnel. This will encourage the sales people to use the vital available customer information for their sales call. The company should also consider offering training to its sales personnel on the use of CRM applications as this will help them strengthen their sales approach. Many of coffee lovers customers are with time becoming more environmental conscious with their purchasing habits (Ottman, 2011). This is a great opportunity for Starbucks to come up with a comprehensive promotional plan to markets the green initiatives of this company. With such a marketing initiatives Starbucks will perfectly find a favorable placement in the market. Starbucks faces a great market threat from its competitors. To address this threat from SWOT analysis, the company can opt to strengthen itself to meet these prevailing threats (Kotler & Lee, 2005). With its much resource focused to controlling its home market, Starbucks will be stretched to meet the low cost competition from its oversea markets. So, to

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management Essay

Information Sharing in Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Globalization and regulator threats in industries have tend to empower the customer a great deal and it is more often than not the customer who dictates terms to the businesses operating in the market place. Under such complex and intriguing scenarios the role of supply chain becomes ever more challenging, decisive and vital for the growth and nurturing of a company (Fisher, 2000). The entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to discover otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment. A company that needs to become the top of the mind company for its consumers must lay stark inventory management plans that are based on industry dynamics and reliable data obtained from various sources. Indeed managing inventory requires immense amounts of vigilance. However this vigilance is not to be main tained by the producer alone as this is not pragmatic and on the other hand there are several parties involved in the value chain of every product. The producer, supplier, wholesaler and retailer all need to collaborate with one another and share information regarding the level of inventory that each one is required to hold at every stage in the entire process. This is being done and practiced in almost every company today. For sharing information companies spend hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to develop and upgrade their information sharing systems that keep all the involved players in the cycle onboard with minute to minute information regarding inventory levels. This keeps everyone a breast of the levels of inventory required to be maintained at any particular time in the chain (Fisher, 2000). The Value of Information Sharing in Inventory With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to similar needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to make the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying decision has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one hand intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become very powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history. Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of â€Å"customer expectations† and â€Å"consumer culture† so we also need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basi c. â€Å"Finding the product on the shelf† implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at the right time. This is where Inventory management comes into play. Inventory management has gained more and more significance in organizations during the past decade and this is because of the consumer expectations and strong consumer culture that has risen

Research Proposal for a Grant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Proposal for a Grant - Essay Example The FBI has completely transformed its operations to better detect, penetrate, and dismantle terrorist enterprisesoverhaul[ing] its counterterrorism operations, expand[ing] intelligence capabilities, moderniz[ing] business practices and technology, and improv[ing] coordination with its partners" ("Fact Sheet: Justice Department Counter-Terrorism Efforts Since 9/11," 2008). Currently, the war in Afghanistan against a combination of the Taliban, insurgent rebels, and tribal warlords has fueled a conflict that few could imagine. The treacherous mountainous terrain of Afghanistan makes fighting in that area even more difficult. Right now, "the Obama administration has grappled with whether to send as many as 80,000 additional U.S. troops to fight the Taliban in Afghanistan or use missile-carrying spy planes and covert military missions to focuson al-Qaida leadersin Pakistan...no decision on the future of the war strategy should be made [till after elections]" (Jakes, 2009, pghs. 10 & 11). In Afghanistan, there is most likely to be a runoff election in November due to the mishandling of the election. Incumbent Prime Minister Hamid Karzai's position is at stake, due to the fears that the war will move to the capital of Aghanistan, with the Taliban taking over. According to Seymour Hersh (2004), there was "a tiny C.I.A. ... troops to fight the Taliban in Afghanistan or use missile-carrying spy planes and covert military missions to focuson al-Qaida leadersin Pakistan...no decision on the future of the war strategy should be made [till after elections]" (Jakes, 2009, pghs. 10 & 11). In Afghanistan, there is most likely to be a runoff election in November due to the mishandling of the election. Incumbent Prime Minister Hamid Karzai's position is at stake, due to the fears that the war will move to the capital of Aghanistan, with the Taliban taking over. In fact, the U.S. offensive in Afghanistan According to Seymour Hersh (2004), there was "a tiny C.I.A. outpost in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, near the Afghanistan border, [where people] watched helplessly as Saudi-backed Islamic fundamentalists-the precursors of the Taliban-consolidated training bases and began to recruit supporters and run operations inside the frontier nations of the former Soviet Union" (pp. 79). Quite frankly, the U.S. still has reason to believe that terrorists, including Osama bin Laden, pose a threat to the United States from both Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is the reason for having launched new offensives in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, President Obama must make the decision whether or not to send another 40,000 troops to Afghanistan. In order to make the world (and the U.S.) a safer place, it is commendable to the U.S. that it might send more troops. However, with a burgeoning national budget deficit of $1.4 trillion dollars, the United States is in a weak position to bargain, especially with its main creditor, China. This opens the U.S. up to even more vulnerability since the U.S. is currently borrowing 80% of the U.S. national GDP. In order to make security better in a

Textbook Reading Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Textbook Reading Strategies - Research Paper Example Also, the individual needs to think about any prior knowledge or information about the subject matter before reading. In the second step of question, the individual should read the subject as an exercise of critical thinking. The reader should prepare some questions about what information is required to be retrieved from the reading material and accordingly while reading the questions should be put up. Questions can be taken from end of chapter exercise; this allows the process of reading to be done with concentration as one is finding the answers to the question while reading. The third step is to read. The individual should carefully read all the material of the chapter paragraph by paragraph and ensure that nothing is missed. All the sections that are not clear in the first attempt of reading should be re-read. When unclear sections are re-read, the paragraph becomes clear and the reader understands what the section is about The fourth step is to record, once the individual has thoroughly read the chapter then now it is time to make notes for each section. The notes can be made for each of the headings of the chapter. Notes should be formed of the main points being discussed in each section. Notes should be such that when the reader reviews the notes, it should not be necessary to read the section again as all the main points of the section should be included in the notes. The fifth step is to recite. In this step, the individual should recite aloud the information gathered from each section of the chapter. By reciting the reading material aloud, one is able to store the information for a long term in their memory. Also the individual should explain the concepts of the chapter to someone else as this would ensure that the reader has understood everything. While explaining it to other, the reader would be able to recall many other things

Politics in East London Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics in East London - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the current political system and main challenges encountered by Hackney, Croydon, Tower Hamlets, and Lewisham. Response of the boroughs to the Alternative Vote (AV) The residents of Hackney responded differently to the Alternative Vote (AV) than the common response of the residents of the rest of the three boroughs of East London. While the residents of Lewisham, Croydon, and Tower Hamlets voted against the AV, only Hackney supported the Westminster Electoral system’s reform in the referendum of 2011. According to the statistics noted by Brown (2011), in the electorate’s 34.23 per cent turnout, electoral reforms endorsement in Hackney happened with a majority of 10,905. 39.32 per cent of the people voted against whereas 60.68 per cent of them voted in favor. A turnout of 35.9 per cent was observed in Croydon and most of the residents i.e. 67.01 per cent voted against whereas only 32.99 per cent voted in favor. The response from the residents of Lewi sham was much similar to that of Croydon as 50.65 per cent of the residents of Lewisham voted against any alteration in the First Past the Post system. In Tower Hamlets, 54.17 per cent of the residents voted against and the rest voted in favor of choosing a new way to elect Webminster’s MPs. According to the opinion polls, the No Campaign had received a victory across the country. This served as a blow to the Liberal Democrats who had been heavily defeated in the local elections and others who wanted a preferential system of voting. Comparison of severity of main issues in the boroughs London Poverty Profile (2010) drew a comparison between the level of severity in the issues of low income and benefits, low pay, low education attainment, ill health, and inadequate housing among London’s boroughs. According to London’s Poverty Profile (2010), of the four boroughs in the East London, two with the comparatively greatest problems of â€Å"low income and benefitsâ⠂¬  include Hackney and Tower Hamlets, Lewisham has comparatively lesser issues of low income and benefits whereas these issues are the least in Croydon. The issue of â€Å"low pay† is the most severe in Hackney, its severity is almost the same in Croydon and Lewisham, whereas low pay as the issue is the least severe in Tower Hamlets. The issue of â€Å"low education attainment† is the most severe in Hackney, its level of severity is lesser in Lewisham, whereas its level of severity in Croydon and Tower Hamlets is the lowest. The severity of the issue â€Å"ill health† is maximal in Hackney, lesser and almost the same in Lewisham and Tower Hamelts, and is the least in Croydon. The issue of â€Å"inadequate housing† is the most severe in Tower Hamlets, its level of severity is lesser in Hackney, it is even lesser in Lewisham, whereas the level of severity is the lowest in Croydon. Government-imposed cuts in public spending and its effects in the boroughs The Coalition Government in the UK is attempting to reduce the deficit in budget by bringing immediate and deep cuts in the public spending. The government claims of implementing progressive and fair cuts and of protecting the most vulnerable. Nevertheless, it is hard to make such reductions in public spending without having any negative implications for the most vulnerable communities. Hackney is the second most deprived borough in the UK after Brent and is likely to experience loss of money by as many as 6790 poor households as a result of the

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Essay

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Company - Essay Example CRM is regarded as not just the application of technology, but also a strategy to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Yu, 2009). As such, it is more of a business philosophy than a technical solution to assist in dealing with customers effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, successful CRM relies on the use of technology. In this regard, Shanmugasundaram (2008) has noted that so far as the technological architecture of CRM is concerned, it is broadly categorized into 3 types which are as follows: Operational Analytical Collaborative Also, Bergeron (2002) has been of the opinion that CRM is a technology; and that it is basically a process that helps firms to create â€Å"consistent, repeatable and measurable results†. Thus the overt reliance of CRM on technology is facilitated through the various scholars who have noted the degree to which technology is a facilitator in CRM. Shanmugasundaram (2008) has been o f the opinion that there are various typical features of any good CRM program. CRM is basically linked to the corporate level strategy of the organization and envisages the establishment as well as the maintenance of long lasting relationships among the customers and the firm. However, it is always difficult to implement a successful CRM strategy. Bergeron (2008) has stated that overtly technologically reliant CRM policies may not always turn out to be electronically feasible. The author further notes that various technological problems as well as other issues arise while implementing an otherwise sound CRM policy plan on paper into action. Moreover, among the other major problems that arise is that the firm may not have a high level of technological expertise and the lack of such technological expertise may result in the firm’s outsourcing of the CRM implementation parts. This in turn makes the valuable data of the firm susceptible to the potential threat of the data falling in the hands of outsiders as well. Also, Bergeron (2002) states that technology is an integral part of the overall CRM process. In this regard, again, security and privacy can pose to be issues that may turn out to be hard to sort out during the implementation phase. So far as the ambit of CRM is concerned, it is seen as the automation of horizontally integrated business processes involving front office customer contact points via multiple, interconnected delivery channels (Peelen, 2003). Thus the purview of CRM spreads across various important functions of business like marketing, sales, service as well as support. Given the reach of CRM or for that matter the latest concept of using CRM from a strategic point of view, it becomes very important to ensure that proper care is taken in order to ensure proper planning as well implementation of CRM policies within the organization. In the context of the present study, it is imperative that the firm under consideration has indeed left a n indelible mark in recent times given the practices in retail marketing vis a vis customer relationship management. Thus the study envisages delving deep into the area of customer relationship management in general and that of the Apple company in particular in order to come up with insights as well as findings regarding the

Land Economics and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Land Economics and Planning - Essay Example The paper suggests and recommends some proposals to be followed in this scenario.More and more people from the rural areas are beginning to turn up in the urban areas for the better employment opportunity. This is the â€Å"pull† factor, which attracted people from the villages to come to towns and cities. Subsequently, there were also â€Å"push† factors in the form of change in land reforms and the development of capital-intensive techniques of agriculture. This has created an explosion of urban population in the recent years. As the population increased, the need for appropriate infrastructure to support these people became a necessity. It is a known fact that cities have traditionally enjoyed more economic advantages because the facilities for industrialization like transportation, communication etc. is available here. (Balchin, Isaac & Chen,2000, 2000; pp 1-6). The retail park to be set up will house various retail stores and supermarkets under one roof. This will lead to more employment opportunities for the people in the town. Various retail stores will open up in the area providing for more investment from the companies in the development of the town. As it will be set up in the heart of the town, that would mean the availability of communication from all parts of the town. Subsidiary industries will be opened up to support the new activity in the town. In short, the whole economy will get a facelift using land as a resource. On the contrary, the town center is one of the areas, which lies in the pivotal position of the town. It lends to the beautification of the area with greenery and parks. To set up a retail park would mean the destruction of these places, which are treasured by the citizens. The town will be devoid of the greenery. The construction of a retail park would also mean the setting up of various subsidiary industries, which would increase the pollution.  

Using comics to increase writing achievement Essay Example for Free

Using comics to increase writing achievement Essay Abstract This paper will focus on a Classroom Action Research Project performed at an elementary school with a group of seven 5th grade English as a Second Language students. The project involved using cartoon comic strips to both motivate ESL students to write and also to see if a non-traditional approach to teaching writing will increase the student’s writing achievement. Popular newspaper comic strips were used to motivate students and they were required to read it and then answer a set of open-ended questions. Statement of Intent Many students have the ability to be successful writers. The ESL students struggle to write, but when they get motivated they seem to write better. Many ESL students are unmotivated about writing because of language, lack of background knowledge, or the topic is not authentic or interesting. The more the students write the better they will become at it. If ESL students can get motivated to write, they will write more and thus become better writers. Popular newspaper comic strips were used to motivate the 5th grade ESL students to write. Students read popular newspaper comic strips and then answered open-ended questions. Here are the questions that will be answered at the end of this Classroom Action Research Project: 1)Can ESL students get motivated to write? 2)Will a non-traditional approach to writing motivate 5th grade students to write? 3)Could the use of comic strips in writing help increase writing achievement in 5th grade ESL students? Rationale for Research Research into the process of writing has shown it to be a very complicated problem solving process requiring the writer to constantly monitor their progress towards a specific goal. Students that become good writers experience intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards, but face problems with motivation along the way. Writing requires the individual to pay attention to motivational conditions. The following is a list of the four clusters of conditions that are keys to developing writing motivation: 1)Nurturing functional beliefs about writing. 2)Fostering engagement using authentic writing tasks. 3)Providing a supportive context for writing. 4)Creating a positive emotional environment. The teacher’s views, beliefs, conceptions, and misconceptions are very important in determining the right conditions in most writing contexts. Research is needed to better understand the process of motivation as it relates to writing. Children start writing at an early age by scribbling. The writing process continues from there and proceeds at different paces depending on the child. As writing develops children start forming letters, words and soon sentences. â€Å"They begin to shift away from list-like writing and localized control (e.g., linking to vocabulary used in  the previous sentence, repeating familiar syntactic frames) toward a more goal-directed, strategic approach ( Berninger, Fuller, Whitaker, 1996). Their writing has more topical and the- matic coherence (e.g., Flower et al., 1990), as purpose, planning, and revising play an increasing role. A growing metacognitive capability gives them the potential to shift from a knowledge-telling to a knowledge-transforming approach ( Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987) and to use information about audience, genre, and rhetorical stance to accomplish a variety of writing purposes ( Berninger et al., 1996). â€Å" Highly motivated capable writers that can adapt their writing to changes in audience and topic can only achieve the developmental writing process described above. They can use writing as a means of communication with others. They write the same way they would talk with another people, stress free and with control. In a 1997 National Center for Education Statistics writing assessment shows that 80% of eleventh grade students can write clear and focused responses and less that one third can write clearly enough to show sufficient information to support their claims. 2 % of students can write proficiently enough to show effective responses that have enough information to support details and discussion. Teachers are failing to develop positive beliefs and motivation about writing. Comic strips can be used to motivate and inspire students. For one thing, comics can take away the number one worry that students have about writing today: finding something to write about. Most of the times when you leave it up to the students to write about something, they never know what to write. Every teacher has heard the same thing. â€Å"I don’t know what to write about.† Introducing and discussing comic strips is a great way to motivate and stimulate students about writing. Many students already know the characters from comic strips and this makes the experience less stressful and fun. It also provides the students with kid friendly language and the relationship between the pictures and text makes it perfect for  lower level readers. All these facts put together makes it possible for comic strips to provide the level of motivation and interest that will help students stay focused a bout writing and this will in the long run improve their writing skills. Methodology The study was completed with a group of seven 5th grade ESL students for a period of three months one half hour a week. Starting in the beginning of September and ending at the end of November. This group of ESL students is composed of fluent English speakers that are limited English readers and writers. At the beginning of the study, the students read a short story about ants and then answered an open-ended question. The students were then told to draw a happy, straight,   or sad face depending on their level of frustration and/or stress. This was used as the pretest. At the beginning of the study students were introduced and exposed to newspaper comic strips. They read, discussed, and drew them. Students were exposed to a variety of lessons on the writing process and were required to do one comic strip writing prompt a week. Included in every writing prompt is smiling, straight, or sad face that is drawn by the student in the upper right hand corner of the paper to show their motivation level. A record of the student’s motivational level was kept to measure fluctuation patterns according to the cartoon character used that week. Research Analysis At the beginning of the study the students were told that they would be taking part in a study that would require them to write. Many of them immediately showed signs of stress and much complaining followed. We met once a week for half an hour and they were introduced to a comic strip and  discussions followed. The students then had two days to complete the prompt on their own, including a drawing of a face on the upper right hand corner to show how they felt about it before it was collected. The prompts that were used are from the Comic-Strip Writing Prompts book by Karen Kellaher (2001). During the initial pretest three students drew smiling faces, three drew straight faces and one drew a sad face. Although it seems that the percentage of students that felt good versus the percentage of students that had no emotion at all is the same their reactions during the writing would tell a different story. The students all seemed stressed and bothered with the writing. Most of the students answered the question during the pretest, but all are lacking creativity and emotion to their writing. All the answers came straight from the story. No opinions, personal connections, or point of views were part of anybody’s writing. There were only five students remaining in the group during the last week of the study. One moved and the other one tested out of the ESL program and was no longer available to meet. In the final writing prompt all students drew happy faces. They did seem to be more excited about the writing than in the beginning. This may be due to the social rewards as well as the stress free environment due to the fact that no grades went along with their writing assignments. The following chart shows the before and after motivation and writing results for each student in the group: Motivation BeforeMotivation AfterWriting BeforeWriting After Dayannara V. Below BasicBelow basic Jose V. Below BasicBelow Basic Jeffrey R. ProficientProficient Maria C. BasicBelow Basic Jacqueline A. ProficientBelow Basic * The Chart above shows the beginning and end results of the study. Comprehensive Conclusions and Reflections The study increased the overall motivation of the group, but it did not increase writing achievement and in-fact lowered the writing achievement of two students. The contributing factors associated with the lack of success of this study are as follows: 1)Time frame The group met for half an hour once a week. This was not enough time to effectively influence the writing achievement of these students. Using Comics to Increase 10 2)Reading level – The reading level of these students was not significantly high enough for them to be able to read the comic strip and understand it. Even if they could have understood the comic strip, the prompt questions were too hard to for them to understand. 3)Background knowledge – A student who is asked to write about ice hockey or fishing that has experience it first hand or has been exposed to it will definitely be able to write about it better. Many of the urban kids are asked to write about things that they know absolutely nothing about.  A good example is the time the Reading School District had a district wide writing assessment about snow. The students had to write about a snowy day. Many ESL students had never seen snow. 4)Can’t get the joke – This one is the most important when it comes to comic strips. Most of the students could eventually read what the comic said, but they could not understand the jokes. A good example of this was the comic strip where Garfield says â€Å"Cats have just surpassed dogs as the country’s favorite pets!† Odie the Dog comes hopping by and then Garfield says â€Å"Somehow the victory would have been more satisfying had the competition been stiffer.† The students had no idea what this meant and could not understand it without some explanation. 5) Vocabulary – The students don’t have a sufficient vocabulary to understand comic strips. Although comic strips are written at a lower reading level, some of the vocabulary words that are used are hard for ESL students to understand and some extensive explanations had to be done before they could start writing. Example: â€Å"Had the competition been stiffer.† In closing, the ESL students need a lot of help. They of course need to write as much as possible, but if we work on increasing their reading level and expose them to as many cultural experiences as possible then we can really begin on making them great writers. If the study was to be done again it is suggested that the group meet daily and that there be vocabulary development lessons done to supplement the comic strip writing activities. References Yale University. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from www.yale.edu Web site: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/80.04.02.x.xhtml Tom Janz, T (2006). Newspapers in Education Middle School Writing. Litsite Alaska, Retrieved December 11. 2006, from http://litsite.alaska.edu/workbooks/midnewswrite.html North Carolina State Board of Education, (2006). Making the Grade: Writing Through The Grades. ncpublicschools.org, Retrieved 2006, from http://www.ncpublicschools.org/student_promotion/mtg/fall01.html Brunin, R (2000). Developing Motivation to Write . The Questia online library, 35, Retrieved December 11, 2006, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=ose=gglscd=94798356 Kellaher, K (2001). Comic-Strip Writing-Prompts. New York, N.Y.: Scholastic. Parsons, J (1993). Using Comic Books To Teach.. ERIC, Retrieved December 11, 2006, fromhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=RecordDe tailsERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED363892ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accnoobjectId=0900000b8012cb2a Cohn , N (June 2006). Comixpedia. Retrieved December 11, 2006, from www.comixpedia.com Web site: http://www.comixpedia.com/comic_theory_101_seeing_rhymes

Art Deco and fashion

Art Deco and fashion ‘Fashion Signifies a change of time, a cultural turn, and (wo)men’s roles in a society.’ [Choose a period of time in history and use examples to discuss this statement. You can focus on a specific society in your discussion.] The Art Deco Movement and the influence of France on how it effected womens fashion during the early 20th century. Introduction Throughout history the field of fashion has gone through many changes which has been shown in society. This essay will explore the above statement and will be done by focussing in at a particular period of time which is the beginning of the twentieth century, just after the first World War. For this discussion the role of the Art Deco movement and the influence of France will be addressed to see whether fashion does in fact reflect changes in a society. This essay will begin by a brief overview of the Art Deco movement, exploring the influence of the Jazz Age, the impact of France and haute couture as well as World War Ones effect on the employment of women and see whether fashion reflected this new era. But first one needs to start by defining Art Deco. The Art Deco Movement Art Deco can be simply defined as a style ‘characterised by precise and boldly delineated geometric shapes and strong colours†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ OxfordDictionaries.com The Art Deco movement 1909-1939 was a period of time which pushed through new developments in architecture, film, photography as well as fashion and textiles. Its influence permeated throughout society promoting a new aspirational lifestyle. In addition to this, the Art Deco movement coincided with World War One which took place 1914-1918. The combination of the war and the rise of the Art Deco movement continued to prove favourable to the fashion industry as peoples attitudes were more open to change. The Influence of Haute Couture On Women One of the examples of the Art Deco movement effecting attire of women was via fashion illustration and as a result the clothing magazines were gaining in popularity as beautiful publications to look at. Furthermore, entering the twentieth century meant that women felt more empowered to embrace new styles, important in pushing the boundaries further in clothing design. Haute Couture was a style which reflected this — led by France. Haute Couture is an expensive, made to measure, hand made way of making garments. It gained attraction and popularity of upper class women due to the new appeal of the Parisian fashion houses. The Parisian designers transformed the fashion scene away from the nineteenth century by designing easy to move tailored garments. The Art Deco scene and Haute couture inadvertently caused women’s dress to undergo a further radical change. Women were finally able to leave behind the restricting corsets and petticoats, this meant they were able to dress in less time and not need a help of a maid thus becoming more independent. This was because the designers were making garments which where slimmer with narrower silhouettes as well as flatter busts. Fashion designer Paul Poiret is one prominent example of the first Parisian fashion designer who excelled in haute couture by creating slimmer dresses therefore leaving behind the corset. Lussier, author of the book, Art Deco Fashion, talks about a collection Paul Poiret created in the early 1900’s when art deco interior was in demand, Lussier described the collection as a ‘harmonious passage towards the straighter silhouettes’ and then goes on to say it was a ‘revolution to fashion’. At the beginning of the century, as women were becoming more confident and empowered, they began to participate more in sporting activities. This created an additional demand for practical easy to move garments. Parisian designers experimented with functional designs and cuts. In France, as in Europe, horse riding became popular and the races became social events which meant that the upper class customers took this opportunity wear these styles. Furthermore, french haute couture houses sent models to races showcasing their clothes. The combination of the Art Deco movement and haute couture both originating in France influenced the rest of Europe and parts of the world to cement its reputation as the style capital which meant all women felt compelled to copy. World War One As World War one began in 1914 it interrupted fashion and stopped it from being the main focus for women. Although, it is said that the economy at the time effects fashion perhaps the economic hardships of the war helped keep the androgynous style in. The iconic french fashion designer Coco Chanel began designing during the war creating tailored outfits and comfortable styles which linked with the simpler looks of practical work wear making it more acceptable. Her designs were a sign of the times as more women began working, taking over the jobs of men who went to fight. Before the war in France at the start of the 20th century women where already joining the work force however when the war took place ‘female employment grew by 20%’[Online] Available at: http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/womeninworldwar1/a/womenworkww1.htm [Accessed: 26 November 2014] As the Art Deco movement was a period of time which saw the great war, the war was a factor that brought significant changes to fashion when it ended. Women became competitive for jobs when men returned. They wanted to be noticed, therefore, they experimented with their appearance with the use of make up and hair styles. After the war, haute couture continued to rise due to the influence of French Vogue within it the promotion of the Parisian designers such as Coco Chanel, Jean Patou and Elsa Shiaparelli. These Parisian designers showcased casual easy movement sport clothing and ‘Chanel and Patou consistently championed the shorter length’ (Valerie , 19 pg, ). During the 1920’s, cosmetics and their new role in defining beauty, which Vogue encouraged, became all the rage amongst young women. The moon manicure was featured as something really daring and was quickly copied bringing nails to the focus like never before. Nail lacquer, mascara, and lipstick became popular ‘rouged lips, pencilled eyebrows and dangling ear-rings’ (Lanver, 1964, p12) To add to this they cut their hair which was also a dramatic change to women’s appearance, ‘The other thing that shocked elderly people was the zeal of the modern girl for cutting of her hair.’ This description was what consisted of the heavily made up look which was apart of the ‘flapper’ style which is going to be explored further below within the jazz age. The Jazz Age A new exciting music style of jazz which originated from America after the war which was quickly embraced by France and its Art Deco credentials in the twenties up to The Great Depression. This ‘Jazz Age’ added ‘a unique combination of exoticism and modernity, which was at the core of the art deco movement’ (Lussier, 2003, p1). At this time it was uncommon for women to wear short garments however the Jazz Age sparked a new age of young women where they adapted shorter lengths as well the heavily made up look. It marked a time for change for a new way of lifestyle which consisted of nightclubs, dance mania and general promiscuity. Although the Jazz Age stemmed from America it became popular within Europe due to it offering a new exciting way of life especially after the gloom of being in a war. The Jazz Age can be marked as the starting point for women socialising freely, a new trend for women emerged and they became known as the ‘Flappers’. The combination of the Jazz Age and the new styles of clothing coming from Haute Couture linked together to change women’s role in society. The unstructured shorter styles of dresses were perfect to the dancing styles they adopted such as the energetic ‘Charleston’ and the increased time required for socialising. Overall, there was a gene ral female emancipation. They ditched the elaborate up-do hairstyles and cut their hair short in blunt hair cuts. The notoriety of the flappers and their lifestyle transformed the idea of women into something modern that allowed them to be independent and have freedom. It was a dream that eventually trickled down to all woman at the time. Conclusion To conclude, the above statement is correct. It has been shown how fashion goes hand in hand with changes to circumstances in the society it is in. By focussing on one period of time and place — one can see how women’s fashion in the 20th century was affected by the Art Deco movement in the influence of forward thinking designers who took on the long thinner silhouettes reflecting the new interior and exterior trends emerging in France. It also addressed the need for women to move more freely particularly starting with the upper classes and the need for more women wanting to participate sporting activities. It in turn influenced corsetry doing away with the restrictive corsets. The unexpected turn of events of World War One allowed women to break away from the traditional role of a women by having to adopt the simpler and practical lines of the Haute Couture designs of dress which now became more mainstream to them. The Jazz Scene coming over from New York was embraced by France and resulted in the iconic Flappers who wore strong make up colours echoed in palates of Art Deco. Their shorter hairstyles and endorsement of the loose unstructured clothing had a knock one affect and was easily copied by the masses. By considering the above time period and looking over at the fashion at that time one can say that fashion does signify a change in time, women’s role and its culture. Bibliography http://www.slideshare.net/KateSimon/women-in-the-1920s-10247493 http://www.tfo.upm.es/docencia/ArtDeco/ArtDecoGen1.htm http://www.speak-fashion.de/fashion_history/1900to1920/fashion-history-haute-couture-era http://www.fashion-era.com/flapper_fashion_1920s.htm#1914 -18 Changes For Women https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Art_Deco.html http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/fashion-drawing-in-the-20th-century/ intro fashion illustration http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/003clothing.html http://www.haute-world.com/2009/10/vogue-covers-1920-2009-paris-france.html

Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel

Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel The Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel Based on Vivado (Systemverilog) Abstract As the explosive growth of wireless communication system and also with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers, the requirement of high quality data communication channel is also growing rapidly. By transforming line voltage frequently and proportioning to the clock rate, the Manchester coding is able to help recover the clock and data. It is now widely used in many domains. This project studies the function of the clock divider, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), the shift register and the finite state machine (FSM), then comprise them together into a Manchester serial data communications channel. It is used for recovering clock signal from the encoded data. The further application is setting up a bit error rate (BER) tester to detect the condition of the whole system. If the bit error rate (BER) is high, which means the whole system is not integrated; if low, the integrality of the system is great. 1.1 Background In modern life, wireless communication develops rapidly in many aspects, especially in the communication industry. So, it has achieved lots of attention from media and public. The development of cellular phones is also swift and violent. During the whole world, the cellular phones have experienced geometric growth over the last decade and the number of cellular phone users will grows up to a billion in the foreseeable future. In fact, by replacing out-dated wireless systems, cellular phones are becoming much more widely used, and they have already played a very important role in business domain, also the indispensable part of everyday life. Besides, wired networks in many businesses and campuses are now replaced or supplemented by local area wireless networks for officers and students to use it more convenient. Numbers of new applications such as wireless sensor networks, smart homes and appliances, automated highways and factories and remote telemedicine, are becoming reality, which is a huge improvement of technology. The conditions such as the explosive growth of wireless systems and the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers show a bright future of wireless networks, not only in independent systems but also in larger networking infrastructure. However, in order to support the required performance of emerging applications, it is quite challenging to design, analysis and solve any problems that occurs in wireless networks. With the development of wireless communication system, Manchester encoding is widely used. Due to its development at the University of Manchester, it is known as a synchronous clock encoding technique that used by the physical layer for encoding the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. At the very first beginning, it was used to save data on the magnetic drum of the Manchester Mark one computer. In Manchester code, the binary data that need to be transmitted over the cable will not sent as a sequence of logic 0 and 1, which is also called Non Return to Zero (NRZ). However, if the bits are transformed into different format, then it will have lots of advantages than the straight binary form only like Non Return to Zero (NRZ). However, in digital transmission, noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors are the main factors that affect the number of bit errors. Every time when transmitting data though a data link, there is a possibility of errors being introduced into the system. If errors are introduced into the data, which means the signal will be interfered, and the system would not be integrated. So for this situation, it is necessary to assess the performance of the system, and bit error rate (BER) provides an ideal way to achieve the requirements. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors that occurs every unit time, and the bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the number of bit errors that occurs divided by the total number of transferred bits during a controllable study time period. It is a unit less performance measure, which is always expressed in percentage form. Bit error rate (BER) assesses the full end to end performance of a system which includes the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. Due to this situation, bit error rate (BER) enables to test the actual performance of an operating system. It is different from other forms of assessment and works in a much better way. 1.2 Objectives Figure 1 The Diagram of Physical Components Connection The figure 1 above shows the components used in the system and the connection configuration of the system. First of all, the signal generator outputs data into the T junction chip (signal emitter) which includes the clock divider, prbsgen and the logic xor gate. Secondly, the data will be transmitted through the transmission channel which is made up by two vertical metal bars, one is LED light for transmitting data, the other is light sensor for receiving data. Thirdly, the data will be sent into the signal analysis and recover part which includes the shift register, pattdet and fsm components. Finally, the recovered signal and original data both will be sent into the oscilloscope to check the difference and make sure if the result is satisfied. The objective of this project is setting up a Manchester serial data communications channel based on the vivado operation system which using System Verilog language to match this physical system. It can be used as radio channel, bit error rate tester and etc. In this project, the application of the system is designed as a bit error rate (BER) tester. As shown in figure 2 below is the design of bit error rate tester. During a complete simulation period, once received the number of errors that occurs and total number of bits that sent, then the bit error rate is available. Figure 2 Bit Error Rate Tester Design 1.3 Theory a. Bit Error Rate Bit error rate (BER) is a key parameter that is used for transmitting digital data from one location to another in assessing systems. It is widely used to monitor the state of digital signal in different applications, such as radio data links, fibre optic data systems, Ethernet and those who transmit data through some form of networks. Generally, it affected by noise, interference and phase jitter. Although these systems work in different ways, and have disparate impact on the bit error rate, the basics of bit error rate are still the same. Every time when transmitting data though a data link, there is a possibility of errors being introduced into the system. If errors are introduced into the data, which means the signal will be interfered, and the system would not be integrated. So for this situation, it is necessary to assess the performance of the system, and bit error rate (BER) provides an ideal way to achieve the requirements. Bit error rate (BER) assesses the full end to end performance of a system including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. Because of this, bit error rate (BER) enables to test the actual performance of an operating system. It is different from other forms of assessment and works in a much better way. Bit error rate (BER) is defined as the rate at which errors occur in a transmission system. It can be translated into the number of errors that occur in a string of a stated number of bits directly. The definition of bit error rate in simple formula is: If the medium between the transmitter and receiver is good and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is high, the bit error rate will become very small, which means the error barely has noticeable effect on the overall system and could be ignored. However, if the number of errors is big, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low, and then the bit error rate needs to be considered. In another word, the system has been affected by noise. Noise and the propagation path change (radio signal paths are used) are two main reasons that cause the degradation of data channel and generate the corresponding bit error rate (BER). However the two effects affect in different ways. For example the noise following a Gaussian probability function while the propagation model follow a Rayleigh model. Which means it is very necessary using statistical analysis techniques to undertake the analysis of the channel characteristics. For fibre optic systems, bit errors usually caused by the imperfections in the components such as the optical driver, receiver, fibre and connectors that used for making the link. However it may also be introduced by optical dispersion and attenuation. Whats more, the optical receiver may detects the noise, this will also interfere the system. Typically, the fibre optical system will use sensitive photodiodes and amplifiers to respond to very small changes, and there is a possibility that high noise level will be detected. The phase jitter that present in the system is another possible factor which enable the sampling of the data altered. A number of factors are able to affect the bit error rate (BER). To optimize the system and acquire the required performance levels, it is very necessary to manipulate the controllable variables. Normally, in order to adjust the performance parameters at the initial design concept stages, this should be undertaken in the design stages of a data transmission system. Interference: The interference levels in the system are usually controlled by external factors, and can not be changed by optimizing the system design. However, the bandwidth of the system is a controllable factor. The level of interference will be reduced if the bandwidth is reduced. However the disadvantage is the achievable data throughput will be low when the bandwidth gets reduced. Increase transmitter power: To increase the power per bit, the power level of the system should be increased at the same time. Factors like the interference levels to other users and the impact of increasing the power output on the size of the power amplifier and overall power consumption and battery life, the impact of them should be reduced to help control the bit error rate (BER). Lower order modulation: Lower order modulation schemes are thinkable way to balance the bit error rate. However the achievable data throughput will reduce. Reduce bandwidth: Another adoptable approach is reducing the bandwidth of the system to reduce the bit error rate (BER). As a result, the system will receive lower levels of noise and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) will be improved. However, the achievable data throughput will reduce as well. However it is not possible to achieve all the requirements, sometimes needs to do some trade-offs. In order to achieve the required bit error rate (BER), it is very necessary to balance all the available factors. When the bit error rate (BER) is lower than expected, under the risk of receiving unsatisfied levels of error correction that are introduced into the data being transmitted, further trade-offs are still necessary. Even though it may need higher levels of error correction when sending more redundant data, but the effect of any bit errors can be masked, as a result, the overall bit error rate (BER) will improve. As radio and fibre optic system, in order to detect the indication of the performance of a data link, bit error rate (BER) is an excellent parameter for that. It is also one of the main parameter of interest in data links that detects the number of errors that occurs. Other features of the link such as the power and bandwidth, etc are able to get the performance that required after adjusting with the knowledge of the bit error rate (BER). b. Shift Register The Shift Register is another type of sequential logic circuit that can be used to save or transfer data in the form of binary numbers. It loads data that present on its inputs and then moves or shifts data to its output during every clock cycle. Basically, a shift register is comprised by numbers of single bit D-Type Data Latches, one for each data bit, either a logic 0 or a 1. The connection arrangement type is serial chain, which is able to keep turning every output from data latch become the input of the next latch. In shift register configuration, the data bits are able to work in several ways such as fed in or out from either the left or right direction one by one or all together in parallel at the same time. Usually, the most widely used construction of a single shift register is made up by eight individual data latches to match eight bits (one byte) data, which means the number of individual data latches is decided by the number of bits that need to be stored. While a shift register may comprise numbers of individual data latches, but all of them are driven by one common clock (CLK) signal, which makes those latches working synchronously. Shift registers normally used in computers or calculates for storing or transferring data. The principle of it is converting data from serial to parallel or from parallel to serial format. For example, if saving data inside computer, shift registers can store all the binary numbers before them added together. In order to set or reset the state of shift register, it always contains an additional connection with the required function. There are four different operation modes for shift register to transfer data. Serial-in to Serial out (SISO) either a left or right direction, with the same clock, the data is shifted serially IN and OUT of the register one bit at a time. The figure 3 below shows an example of it which transfer data from left to right. Figure 3 4-bit Serial-in to Serial-out Shift Register Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) one bit at a time, the data is loaded in register serially, and available to output together in parallel way. The figure 4 below shows an example of it but with 4 bits data input and output and the data transferred from left to right. Figure 4 4-bit Serial-in to Parallel-out Shift Register Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) the parallel data is introduced together into the register at the same time, and then transferred to each correspondent outputs together under the same clock pulse. The figure 5 below shows an example of it with 4 bits parallel data input and output and the direction of data movement is from left to right. Figure 5 4-bit Parallel-in to Parallel-out Shift Register Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) the parallel data is introduced together into the register in the meantime, and then one bit at a time, shifted out serially under the control of clock. The figure 6 below shows an example of it with 4 bits data input which transfer data from left to right. Figure 6 4-bit Parallel-in to Serial-out Shift Register c. Pseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator (PRBSGEN) A random bit generator is a device or algorithm that used to output a sequence of independent and unbiased binary digits in statistics. Meanwhile, a pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is a deterministic algorithm, which means if a truly random binary sequence of length X is given, the binary sequence output of length Y >> X would be random. The input of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is normally called the seed, while the output of it is called a pseudo random bit sequence. The pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) can be used as random because the value of an element of the sequence is not related to the values of any of the other elements. However, the output of a pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not truly random. With all possible binary sequences of length Y, the number of possible output sequences is a small fraction maximally. After N elements, the sequence starts to repeat itself, which means it is deterministic. The aim is to receive a small truly random sequence and then expand it into a sequence with much larger length. Generally, the implementation of pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is based on the linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) makes a sequence of logic 0 and 1 under the same probability. A sequence of serial n*(2^n -1) bits use one data pattern, and this pattern will repeat itself over time. In the Manchester serial data communications channel, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is implemented in System Verilog programming language, and used to sample two bit input data and managed through a logic xor gate, then introduce the result into the first bit of the sequence as the feedback. The output of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) was taken from all the nine bits of the shift register. The feedback connections of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) are shown in appendix A. As a result, the output of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) cycles between 0 to 511. Figure 7 Principle of Pseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator (PRBSG) d. Manchester Coding The Manchester coding is well known because of the development in the University of Manchester. It is used to save data on the magnetic drum of the Manchester mark one computer. In signal transmission domain, Manchester coding is widely used. However in order to achieve the same data rate but less bandwidth, the more complex codes are created such as 8B/10B encoding. Meanwhile the disadvantages of them are in the transmitter device, not able to have high tolerant of frequency errors and jitter, and receiver reference clocks. The worst problem is the Manchester encoding is not suitable for higher data rate because it will introduce some difficult frequency errors into the system. But the advantage of Manchester coding is helping recover the clock by transforming line voltage frequently, which is proportional to the clock rate directly. It is very convenient to transmit data by media like Ethernet without a DC component because the DC component of encoded signal is not determined by the data that transmitted, which means no information will be transmitted in signal. The figure 8 below shows the principles of Manchester coding, which are: Each bit is transmitted once a period. Logic 0 expresses a low-to-high transition, logic 1 expresses a high-to-low transition. At the midpoint of a period, logic 0 or 1 will be interconverted. The transformation at the beginning of a period does not mean the data. Figure 8 Principle of Manchester Encoding Figure 9 The Circuit Design    The figure 9 above is the complete design of whole circuit. All the components that required comprising a Manchester serial data communications channel are designed successfully. The data will be divided in the clock divider (Divclk) component, sampled in the pseudo random bit sequence generator (Prbsgen) component, and then altered into Manchester signal by a logic xor gate, through the transmission channel, the data will be sent into the shift register, combine into 10 bits DATA signal, after analysed in the Pattdet component, 4 states will be sent into finite state machine (FSM) component and be recovered as the signal of RBC and RNRZ. In this system the clock frequency is 100MHZ and the reset will set at logic 1 before the system work. The programs of all components used in the system are shown below. Figure 10 Clock Divider Program The figure 10 above is the click divider program. This component is designed for dividing the clock signal into two different clock signal div_out and div_out2. These two output signals are shown in figure 13. In which the signal div_out gets one clock of high pulse every 10 clocks, the frequency is 10MHZ, and works as the specific input o the Prbsgen component. While signal div_out2 gets 5 clocks of high pluses per 5 clocks, also the frequency is 10MHZ. Figure 11 Prbsgen Program The figure 11 above is the Prbsgen program. It works as a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, which records 10 bits of data each clock, when signal div_out gets high impulse, sampling the 4th and 8th data into a logic xor gate and then put the result into the 1st data position as the feedback of the sampling function. Finally, output the prbs signal (as shown in figure 7) or NRZ signal (in figure 13). Figure 12 Logic Xor Gate Program The figure 12 above is the logic xor gate program. In order to combine the NRZ and Bit_clk signal together and output the signal T (Manchester code) which is shown in figure 13 below. When NRZ gets high and Bit_clk gets low, output Manchester is high; when NRZ gets high and Bit_clk gets high, Manchester is low; when NRZ gets low and Bit_clk gets high, Manchester is high; when NRZ gets low and Bit_clk gets low, Manchester is low. Figure 13 Manchester Signal As the figure 13 shown, the clock divider, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), and logic xor gate all work well, the output signal div_out and div_out2 are both divided as required, while the prbs signal (NRZ) is as expected and the T signal (Manchester code) is the same as the signal that xors with div_out2 and prbs (NRZ) signal. Figure 14 Transmission Delay Program The figure 14 above is the transmission delay program. It is used to simulate the data transmission delay during the real life. Normally, errors like noise, interference and phase jitter are introduced into the data through this part, while the time of transmission delay depends on the distance between the signal emitter and receiver. In this system, the parameter of time delay set at 1.5e-6 in seconds. Figure 15 Shift Register Program The figure 15 above is the signal register program. The function of it is compressing and storing the Manchester data and then transfer into pattdet component. It starts working only when reset is logic 0, input en is logic 1. Figure 16 DATA Signal The output of 10 bits data (DATA) is the same as required, which means the program of shift register works well. Figure 17 Pattdet Program The figure 17 above is the pattdet program. It is used for analysing the DATA signal, and the output follows the principle which shown in table 1 below. Data 00000 00000 00000 11111 11111 00000 11111 11111 State S1 10h3EQ S2 10h01F S3 10h3FF S4 10h000 Table 1 The Working Principle of Pattdet Component Figure 18 4 States From figure 18 above, 4 states of s1, s2, s3, s4 are outputted separately and successfully. Figure 19 Finite State Machine (FSM) Program The figure 19 above is the finite state machine (FSM) program. The function of it is analysing the 4 states and recovering the bit_clk, bit_EN and NRZ signal, and the principle of it is shown in below figure 20. From the figure 20, when signal NRZ turns to logic 0 from logic 0, state s1 turns to s2; when signal NRZ turns to logic 1 from logic 0, state s1 turns to s4; when signal NRZ turns to logic 1 from logic 1, state s2 turns to s1; when signal NRZ turns to logic 0 from logic 1, state s2 turns to s3. Figure 20 The Principle Of FSM Figure 21 The Bit Error Rate Tester (BERT) Program The figure 21 above is the catalogue program of bit error rate tester. It contains the clock divider, prbsgen, encoder (logic xor gate), shift register, pattdet and fsm program file. Figure 22 The Test Bench Program The figure 22 above is the test bench program. It defines all the factors in the system and especially the period of reset and clock. Figure 23 The Implemented Design This is the implemented design figure, which shows the service condition of devices. Figure 24 The Schematic Design Figure 25 The Detailed Figure of FSM The figure 25 above is the schematic design which shows the real used state of every component. However, the part of clock divider and pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not satisfied one. The problem may be caused by the vivado operation system software issue or the definition of clock divider and pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not recognised by the software. The Manchester serial data communications channel built up successfully. In figure 26, the signal RBC, RNRZ and RBE are all recovered, just the same as the original signal bit_clk, NRZ and bit_en but with some time delay. The next objective is developing applications for the Manchester serial data communications channel. The chosen target is a bit error rate tester. By setting up a noise component for introducing random noise into the Manchester signal and then an error counter inside the finite state machine (FSM) for counting the number of errors that occurs and the total number of bits sent. As a result, the bit error rate (BER) will be able to count in the system. Figure 26 Recovered RNRZ and RBC Signal The figure 26 above is the final simulation result. Signal of recovered non return to zero (RNRZ), recovered bit_clock (RBC) and recovered bit_en (RBE) are all the same as their original data but with time delays. Figure 27 The Signal of Input and Recovered From the figure 27 above, the recovered signal is almost the same as the original input data. These two figures prove the design of Manchester serial data communications channel is successful. After setting up this communication channel, the next step is developing applications for further requirements. The theory of pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), Manchester coding, shift register and bit error rate are proved to be feasible. This project is a great opportunity to practise from research ideas to concrete systems. With the explosive growth of wireless communication system, Ciletti, M. (2011). Advanced digital design with the Verilog HDL. 1st ed. Boston: Prentice Hall. (Accessed: October 9 2016). Menezes, A., Van Oorschot, P. and Vanstone, S. (1997). Handbook of applied cryptography. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p.chapter. Available at: http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap5.pdf (Accessed: December 25 2016). MUKHERJEE, S. and PANDEY, R. (2007). DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRBS GENERATOR USING VHDL. bachelor. Department of Electronics Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/42e7/490ec8905ea8afe618c6882f2b050ece2ae4.pdf (Accessed: October 14 2016). Malviya, S. and Kumari, P. (2014). Implementation of Pseudo-Noise Sequence Generator on FPGA Using Verilog. [online] Dept of Electronics and Communication, Sobhasaria Group of Institution, Sikar, Rajasthan. Available at: https://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijeee_spl/ijeeev7n8_16.pdf [Accessed

BARNEY FRANK: Truth, Lies, Privacy :: essays Papers

BARNEY FRANK: Truth, Lies, Privacy Throughout his eighteen-year tenure in the United States House of Representatives, Representative Barney Frank has received all types of criticism and praise, ranging from derogatory statements pertaining to his sexual preferences, to outstanding compliments similar to the ones received by the great orators in the history of our country. Many of these comments surfaced during the recent impeachment trial for President Clinton, where Representative Frank dazzled and enraged many of his political colleagues with his unique "laser-sharp wit and quips" (Alvarez, 1998). Throughout his political career and most recently, the impeachment trial, Representative Frank freely voiced his opinion of the President and his actions with an almost invincible aura emanating with each comment. It is true that Representative Frank emerged as one of Clinton’s strongest defenders, but Representative Frank did not assume the typical role of a completely loyal and faithful supporter. Representative Frank made exhilarating arguments in defense of the President, and he publicly denounced the President’s actions just as quickly when he did not agree with them. By supporting the President in such a fashion, it is hard to imagine why Representative Frank was not constantly under attack, but rather still able to clearly state his opinions to an audience that was still very eager to listen. Of course like any other politician, Representative Frank has his allies and his enemies, yet he does not seem to weigh them as heavily as other politicians appear to. Enemies or simply people who do not necessarily see eye to eye with Representative Frank, have branded Frank as: "very intimidating, harassing, with an ability to use humor that enables him to win debate on tactics alone, rather than substance,"says Jones."His style reminds me of a petulant adolescent who has to have his own way. He's a stand-up comedian in congressional clothes, a very funny guy in the Don Rickles/Jackie Mason mold"(Elvin, 1998). Another one of Frank’s rivals, Howard Phillips of Conservative Caucus, who began debating with Frank in their undergraduate days at Harvard, stated that Representative Frank is: "a person of great energy, and great passion, for the wrong causes. God gave him extraordinary talent and he's using it for evil rather than for good. Barney is a very capable fellow with a very distorted view of what's right and what's wrong"(Elvin, 1998). Along with the negative criticism directed at Representative Frank comes a great number of positive, uplifting compliments such as the following by Representative Henry Hyde: BARNEY FRANK: Truth, Lies, Privacy :: essays Papers BARNEY FRANK: Truth, Lies, Privacy Throughout his eighteen-year tenure in the United States House of Representatives, Representative Barney Frank has received all types of criticism and praise, ranging from derogatory statements pertaining to his sexual preferences, to outstanding compliments similar to the ones received by the great orators in the history of our country. Many of these comments surfaced during the recent impeachment trial for President Clinton, where Representative Frank dazzled and enraged many of his political colleagues with his unique "laser-sharp wit and quips" (Alvarez, 1998). Throughout his political career and most recently, the impeachment trial, Representative Frank freely voiced his opinion of the President and his actions with an almost invincible aura emanating with each comment. It is true that Representative Frank emerged as one of Clinton’s strongest defenders, but Representative Frank did not assume the typical role of a completely loyal and faithful supporter. Representative Frank made exhilarating arguments in defense of the President, and he publicly denounced the President’s actions just as quickly when he did not agree with them. By supporting the President in such a fashion, it is hard to imagine why Representative Frank was not constantly under attack, but rather still able to clearly state his opinions to an audience that was still very eager to listen. Of course like any other politician, Representative Frank has his allies and his enemies, yet he does not seem to weigh them as heavily as other politicians appear to. Enemies or simply people who do not necessarily see eye to eye with Representative Frank, have branded Frank as: "very intimidating, harassing, with an ability to use humor that enables him to win debate on tactics alone, rather than substance,"says Jones."His style reminds me of a petulant adolescent who has to have his own way. He's a stand-up comedian in congressional clothes, a very funny guy in the Don Rickles/Jackie Mason mold"(Elvin, 1998). Another one of Frank’s rivals, Howard Phillips of Conservative Caucus, who began debating with Frank in their undergraduate days at Harvard, stated that Representative Frank is: "a person of great energy, and great passion, for the wrong causes. God gave him extraordinary talent and he's using it for evil rather than for good. Barney is a very capable fellow with a very distorted view of what's right and what's wrong"(Elvin, 1998). Along with the negative criticism directed at Representative Frank comes a great number of positive, uplifting compliments such as the following by Representative Henry Hyde:

Essay --

A History of Computers by: Paul Little The idea of a machine that would make man’s calculations easier, faster, and more accurate is no new notion. The Abacus, Napier’s rods, the Calculating Clock, and the Stepped Reckoner are a few examples of early computer ideas In the more recent history of the computer, we can see how computers have morphed changed from clunky, million-dollar machines into the compact and convenient devices which can held on the tip of ones finger. John von Neumann’s name is most well-known among the potential â€Å"founders† of the first computer (and also known for work in quantum mechanics) but who the credit belongs to can be debated. Von Neumann wrote a memorandum explaining the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) but the ENIAC was developed by J. Preper Eckert and John Mauchly of the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania in the mid-1940s. The credit for this invention is shady because Mauchly reportedly visited John Atanasoff before building the ENIAC. Atanasoff built the Atanasoff/Berry Computer in the early 1940s at Iowa State University. But, von Neumann’s name is the most well-known and thus settles the issue! The model von Neumann came up with for the basic computer structure is still today, with modifications for speed and size, his computer is still the foundation for many computers. Part of the the reason his work was seen in high standards was hs reports on his work. The Academic Press Dictionary states that â€Å"von Neumann’s report was so we... ...Whether you agree or not, the NSA’s new 1.7 billion facility being built to store internet users data and phone call and is the largest facility ever built to do so, can be viewed as a new treat to people personal data and piracy. Believed â€Å"once finished† ith the ability to hold not only the most but some of if not the biggest super computers in the world. It is said the facility once up and running will be able to store data at the rate of 20 terabytes per minute, many times over. The ability to do so is in its self amazing and the other technology that will be used there I am sure will be just as mind boggling. But most are more concerned with the negative potential (and rightfully so) over the technical scale of the project, but ever the less this will probably be the start of the next (out of many past and future) computer generation.

Genji Monogatari or The Tale of Genji Essay

Unit 3: Analysis of Fiction This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skills—You will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, employ online tools for research and analysis and communicate effectively. Introduction Literature has long been a major source of information and entertainment. Learning to analyze literary work systematically can significantly add to your enjoyment and appreciation of literature. The aim of literary analysis is to extract information about a work of literature from the text itself. Literary analysis essentially involves a detailed examination of the text to answer predefined types of questions, including what the author intended to say or why and to what effect he or she used a certain literary device. Such an analysis helps not only to identify narrative elements such as theme, plot, and setting in a fictional work but also to reveal the author’s purpose and viewpoint and the cultural and social factors influencing the author. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Genji Monogatari, or The Tale of Genji, is a Japanese novel written in the early eleventh century that tells the story of Genji, the son of a Japanese emperor. Genji is considered to be one of the first psychological novels. Read the first four chapters of part I of Genji Monogatari (â€Å"The Paulownia Court,† â€Å"The Broom Tree,† â€Å"The Shell of the Locust,† and â€Å"Evening Faces†), which has been translated into English by Edward Siedensticker. Another version of this same translation can be paged through online. You can also find a paper copy of the book in your school library or a bookstore. After reading the translation, analyze and describe the theme of the novel as revealed in the first four chapters. Type your response here: The Theme of this story is Genji spends much of his time writing poems to women he is attracted to, but who have little interest in him; most of them know that nothing positive would come of an affair with him, and so resist the impulse as much as possible, although they often had similar feelings toward Genji. His numerous affairs often involved women from outside the court, behavior which was scandalous for a person of his position, so his affairs are usually conducted in complete secrecy, which he took considerable trouble to maintain. Each affair is significantly different in character from the others, though; a factor which keeps this pattern from becoming repetitive and boring. For instance, at one point he lusts after a princess after hearing her play beautiful music on the zither; he quickly declares his love for her in a flurry of letters, which she never answers. However, the more he finds out about her, the less he likes her, but he cannot help feeling guilty after his ardent pursuit, and he maintains the relationship long after his feelings have waned. In one of his last affairs, he is on the receiving side of the attentions of an elderly lady; he has to think of creative ways of dodging the situation, without a loss of face for either party. The last section, after Genji’s death starts out like an uncertain epilogue, but it soon takes on a life of its own, and the failings of the environment portrayed there only heighten the allure of that of Genji himself. The problems that seemed so double-edged when they were Genji’s pale beside the blunders and the folly of his descendants, and only make him look better in retrospect. This can lead to nostalgia for his sphere, and against it the troubles of the inhabitants of the later chapters seem both fated and pitiable. Some contemporary readers feel that the author may have used his series of  affairs simply as a device, to allow her to present a range of youthful love’s folly, in a series of devastating portraits, ranging from tragic obsession to utter, hilarious disaster. Some feel that the ‘Tale of Genji’ is not so much about Genji as it is about the women he interacts with in his life – their feelings, their experiences, their fates. Much as they have large roles, though, it is to Genji that the narrative returns time and again. A major ambition of many members of the aristocracy in the world of Heian court was to present a daughter to the Emperor, or his Heir Apparent; the supreme goal of a non-imperial noble was to be the grandfather (via his daughter) of an Emperor. As a result, the Emperor usually had a range of recognized relationships with women, not so much as a result of sexual acquisitiveness, but because he was virtually required to make his prestige relatively widely accessible. These ladies did not all have equal rank; those on the lowest rungs had a birth rank which was too low, and they also lacked the necessary political support. 1. In the table below, list the characters in the first four chapters, identify their types, and describe their traits. Type your response in the table: Character Type Character from Genji Character Trait(s) protagonist Prince Genji The eponymous hero of the tale, he is the son of an emperor (usually referred to as Kiritsubo Emperor) and of a low-ranking imperial concubine (known to readers as Lady Kiritsubo or Kiritsubo KÃ… i). antagonist Emperor Kiritsubo Genji’s father, who despite the large social gap between him and the Kiritsubo Lady, maintains an unwavering devotion to her, tragically exposing  her to the jealousy of his other consorts. minor character Lady Kiritsubo Genji’s mother and the favorite of Emperor Kiritsubo, Lady Kiritsubo is disadvantaged at court because she lacks parental support. Her father, a Grand Counselor, is already dead at the beginning of the narrative, and her mother cannot provide her with political support. s tatic character Lady Murasaki She is the daughter of Prince HyÃ… bu by a minor consort and related to Fujitsubo on her father’s side (HyÃ… bu is Fujitsubo’s brother, hence Murasaki is Fujitsubo’s niece). dynamic character ShÃ… nagon She is Murasaki’s nurse and most important protector after the grandmother. 2. Analyze the development of the plot in the first four chapters. Note the major events in the first four chapters in the order in which they occur. Type your response here: Part One: Genji is born as the second son for the Emperor, the son of a beloved concubine of the Emperor, known as the Lady Kiritsubo, whose father is dead, and who depends on the Emperor for all her status. However, Genji’s birth raises the ire of the mother of the first son, a lady of much higher rank. Genji’s mother dies soon afterwards, and as the Emperor likes Genji, he is raised within the Court, becoming a very accomplished as well as good-looking young man. The Emperor would like to do more for Genji, but he cannot because of the power of the first son’s mother. His father worries about his son’s future, since he has no powerful family behind him, so he makes him a commoner, and part of a non-royal family, giving him the last name â€Å"Minamoto†. (This is the origin of Genji’s ‘name’: ‘gen’ is an alternate reading of the character for his given last name, and ‘ji’ means ‘name’; so â€Å"Genji† roughly means â€Å"bearer of the Minamoto name†. It is not his actual name, though.) This allows him to serve as a government official;  in writing terms, this device also allows him to belong to both realms, and thereby gives him an increased scope as a character. As a young man, Genji is forced into a marriage of convenience with the daughter of a powerful court figure, but he is never really happy with her, although they do eventually have a son, Yugiri. Instead, he falls in love with one of the Emperor’s concubines, Fujitsubo; she strongly resembles his own dead mother (which is why the Emperor, who adored Kiritsubo, brought her to court). He has his first illicit affair with her; she becomes pregnant as a result, and gives birth to a boy. The child’s true parentage is kept secret, and he is by the Emperor as his own son, eventually ascending to the throne himself. Although feeling guilt because of this affair, Genji goes on to have numerous other affairs with a large number of other court ladies. One of them is the Lady Murasaki, who is Fujitsubo’s niece; she had been placed in his care when she was a girl, and he raised her to be his ideal lady. Genji’s wife eventually dies, and he then marries Murasaki. Finally, the exposure of Genji’s adultery with a concubine of the new Emperor (who had succeeded Genji’s father), a lady of another court faction (which includes the mother of the new Emperor, the old Emperor’s first son) results in his being exiled for a period. Although the Emperor is not much put out, he is forced by propriety to send him away; since he is in disgrace, Genji must leave Murasaki behind. After a short period in exile in Suma and Akashi, Genji returns to the capital, where his son with Fujitsubo has now become Emperor. As a result, since the new Emperor knows Genji is his real father, Genji rises high in status and position, being appointed to a high official rank. He uses his power and wealth to bring benefits to the women he has loved, including bringing them to live in a palace, a magnificent complex of four interconnected mansions, one for each of the four seasons, and each housing one of his ladies. His focus becomes advancing the careers of his children and grand-children, and when he manages to get his daughter, the Akashi Princess (who was the outcome of an affair with a wealthy merchant’s daughter in Akashi) presented at court, he has reached the zenith of his power and influence. Part Two: The previous Emperor, now retired and planning on entering a monastery, had placed his daughter in Genji’s care; Genji, moved by the fact that this girl, like Lady Murasaki, is also a niece of his first love, Fujitsubo, agrees to marry her too. However, the girl is very immature, casting him back on his love for Lady Murasaki. However, now that Genji has an ‘official’ wife, and one of high breeding, that forces Lady Murasaki into seclusion. Genji cannot afford to slight his ‘official’ wife, the daughter of a retired Emperor, but when Murasaki becomes ill, he abandons the daughter for a lengthy period to look after Murasaki. While he is doing so, however, Genji’s nephew, one of the suitors who had been vying for the young wife’s hand before she married Genji, and has not given up his desire for her, eventually manages an affair with her; she becomes pregnant, and bears a son, Kaoru. Distraught at Genji’s anger, the boy’s mot her retires to a nunnery, and Genji in turn is forced to accept another man’s son as his heir; this causes him to repent for many of his own similar past actions. Meanwhile, Lady Murasaki, Genji’s real love and principal wife of more than twenty years (in reality, if not legally), who had long asked Genji’s permission to become a nun, and who is still ill, dies before getting the chance. Utterly devastated by this sequence of events, Genji begins preparations to take the vows himself, leaving the capital to enter a small mountain temple. Part Three: The Tale of Genji continues, although without Genji, who is assumed to have died in seclusion. In his place are Kaoru (his wife’s son with her lover), and Genji’s grandson Niou, the son of his daughter, the Akashi Princess (who is now Empress). These two carry on the Genji tradition of complex affairs of the heart. Kaoru considers entering the monastic life because he is  unable to come to terms with the world of his time. He begins visiting one of the princes, who likewise disappointed with court life, has gone into reclusion in Uji; Kaoru finds him a kindred spirit. While there, he finally hears the secret of his own birth, and he also meets the Prince’s daughter, Oigimi, to whom he is strongly attracted. After the death of the Prince, Kaoru proposes marriage to Oigimi, but she suppresses her own feelings for him, and instead encourages him to marry her younger sister, Nakanokimi. Kaoru, for his part, urges Niou to marry Naka-no-kimi, and Niou succeeds in seducing Naka-no-kimi. Kaoru tries to get Oigimi to agree to the marriage of Niou and Naka-no-kimi; however, the sisters come to feel that both men are trifling with them, and Oigimi decides to starve herself to death before she can reconsider her rejection of Kaoru. After her death, Niou is forced by intense political and parental pressure to take as his main wife a daughter of Genji’s son Yugiri. Kaoru now transfers his attentions to Naka-no-kimi, who reminds him of the dead Oigimi; she is tormented by his persistent wooing. She tries to interest him in Ukifune, her half-sister by a different mother, who also looks like Oigimi. When Kaoru sees her, he falls in love with her – but so does Niou, when he comes to visit. Kaoru succeeds in having an affair with her, but so does Niou. Kaoru would be the more important catch, but she is much more strongly drawn to Niou. Ukifune sees no solution to this tangle other than to drown herself in the river. On the verge of doing so, and suffering from amnesia from the stress, she is saved by a senior religious figure; she then goes to Ono in his company, and becomes a nun there when her memory partially returns. When Kaoru discovers where she is, she refuses to meet him; the story abruptly ends there. Part three: Genji’s curiosity is aroused by whoever might be in the house of yugao, so he sends Koremitsu to investigate, who reports back that To-no-Chujo had been  there and that a lady evidently resided within. Genji cannot resist, so he disguises himself and arranges a secret meeting through her maid, Ukon. Yugao is a very frail, submissive beauty, and Genji is reminded of To-no-Chujo’s rainy night story. Unlike To-no-Chujo, however, Genji is attracted by this gentility, and resolves to take her away. Unable to resist, and very frightened, Yugao is rushed off with Ukon to a deserted mansion. That night, Genji dreams of a jealous lady resembling Lady Rokujo, and when he wakes he sees an apparition by Yugao’s pillow. He tries to wake her, but she is no longer breathing. Genji panics, wakes Ukon and Koremitsu, but it is too late, she is dead. Koremitsu sends Genji back to his palace at Nijo and takes her body to a nunnery in the eastern hills for funeral rites. At Nijo, Genji is unsettled by recent events and cannot appear at court. He sets out on horseback with Koremitsu to see Yugao’s body, but on the return journey he feels ill and falls off his horse. The illness lasts for quite some time, and when he recovers he confirms with Ukon that Yugao was in fact To-no-Chujo’s mistress. Genji retains Ukon and asks her to find Yugao’s daughter, intending to raise her himself. The chapter end with a final poetic exchange with Utsusemi, whom Genji also loses. Task 2: Analyze Part I of Genji Monogatari Now read the remaining chapters of Part I. After you have finished, quote at least five examples of the use of imagery and symbolism in Part I. Type your response here: 1. Genji was suffering from malaria. He took four or five attendants along to visit a sage in the northern hills. He was a most accomplished worker of cures. 2. Then a pretty girl of perhaps ten ran in and complained to the nun in a weeping voice that Inuki had let her baby sparrows loose. That was the first time Genji saw the Murasaki-no-Ue. 3. The bishop gave farewell presents: a rosary of carved ebony which Prince Shotoku had obtained in Korea, still in the original Chinese box, wrapped and attached to a branch of cinquefoil pine; and several medical bottles of indigo decorated with  spray of cherry and wisteria. 4. It was still dark when Genji made his departure, going his word that he would come back. There was a heavy mist and the ground was white. Passing the house of a woman he had been seeing in secret, he had someone knock on the gate. There was no answer, and so he had someone else from his retinue, a man of very good voice, chant a poem of his. Though there was a poem g iven in response, no one came out. 5. Before Prince Hyobu, the father of the girl, came, Genji took the girl away to his Nijo residence in the middle of night. Genji worked hard to make them feel at home. He wrote down poems and drew pictures for her to copy. Task 3: Analyze Part II of Genji Monogatari Read Part II of Genji Monogatari. After you have finished, answer the following questions. a. Analyze the development of the plot in Part II. Note the major events in the order in which they occur. Type your response here: The ceremony of the initiation of the Third Princess took place at the end of the year. A large array of splendid gifts came from the Suzaku emperor and others. From Akikonomu came some combs, which had been sent by the Suzaku emperor when she married. The Day of the Rat fell on the twenty-third of the First Month. On that day, people celebrated the Genji’s fortieth birthday. Tamakazura came with some new herbs that promised long life. She had brought her two sons. Her young and beautiful face reminded Genji of his old age and his lost days. Towards the middle of the Second Month, the Third Princess came to Rokujo to marry Genji. Genji could not refuse the request of Suzaku who had been looking for someone to support for his daughter. There was also another reason that Genji was induced to marry her. For the Third Princess was a niece of Fujitsubo. In the Tenth Month, Murasaki made offerings in Genji’s honor. Choosing a temple in Saga, she commissioned a reading of the sutras for the protection of the realm. Ending the fast, a banquet was arranged at the Nijo residence and attended by many people in festive dress. The musicians took their places. Yugiri and Kashiwagi went  out and danced under a tree of plum rouge. As it had become true, he would like to withdraw from the world and go off into the deep mountains. The old nun’s grief was limitless. As she was the wife of Genji, it was forbidden love. Kashiwagi called the cat and took it up in his arms. Mewing prettily, it brought the image of the Third Princess back to him. a. Describe the events around Murasaki’s death? Type your response here: When Emperor IchijÃ…  died in 1011, ShÃ… shi retired from the Imperial Palace to live in a Fujiwara mansion in Biwa, most likely accompanied by Murasaki, who is recorded as being there with ShÃ… shi in 1013. George Aston explains that when Murasaki retired from court she was again associated with Ishiyama-dera: â€Å"To this beautiful spot, it is said, Murasaki no Shikibu retired from court life to devote the remainder of her days to literature and religion. There are sceptics, however, Motoà ¶ri being one, who refuse to believe this story, pointing out †¦ that it is irreconcilable with known facts. Murasaki may have died in 1014. Her father made a hasty return to Kyoto from his post at Echigo Province that year, possibly because of her death. Shirane mentions that 1014 is generally accepted as the date of Murasaki Shikibu’s death and 973 as the date of her birth, making her 41 when she died. Bowring considers 1014 to be speculative, and believes she may have lived with ShÃ… shi until as late as 1025. Waley agrees given that Murasaki may have attended ceremonies with ShÃ… shi held for her son, Emperor Go-IchijÃ…  around 1025. Murasaki’s brother Nubonori died in around 1011, which, combined with the death of his daughter, may have prompted her father to resign his post and take vows at Miidera temple where he died in 1029. Murasaki’s daughter entered court service in 1025 as a wet nurse to the future Emperor Go-Reizei (1025–68). She went on to become a well-known poet as Daini no Sanmi b. Why does Genji agree to marry the daughter of the Suzaku emperor? Why does their marriage fail? Type your response here: Genji’s marriage to the Third Princess, the favorite daughter of his elder brother Suzaku, emphasized Genji’s reasons for accepting this marriage and the ways in which it affected the relationship between him and Murasaki. However, it also prepared the ground for a further treatment of the relationship between Genji and Suzaku himself. Kokiden once planned to marry her much younger sister Oborozukiyo to her son, then still heir apparent. Before she could do so, however, Genji made love to the young woman himself (â€Å"Hana no En†), striking up with her a passionate, lasting affair. Suzaku knows that the two remain in touch even after his accession, and because he loves Oborozukiyo, the difference between possessing her person and her heart torments him. The opening passage of â€Å"Miotsukushi† makes these feelings clear. Genji has returned from exile and is about to sweep Suzaku aside, together with everyone who ever supported him. c. Name and describe three key characters who appear in this part of the novel (or whose roles have advanced in this part). What role do they play? What evidence from the text can you provide that they are round characters, and thus have an important role? How do they interact with and challenge or support the protagonist? Use this table to capture your answers. Type your response in the table: Key Character Role and Traits Interaction with Genji Textual Evidence Lady Fujitsubo first as a stepmother but later as a woman they fall in love with each other. Basically love at first sight They have a son together that is kept secret while she is married to the Emperor Kiritsubo now the little boy is crown she became Empress but Genji n her kept it secret Aoi no Ue His first wife and the daughter of the Minister of Left. She marries Genji when she is sixteen and he only twelve They have a son together name YÃ… «giri but dies after He engages in a series of unfulfilling love affairs with other women, but in most cases his advances are rebuffed, his lover dies suddenly during the affair, or he becomes bored of his lover. Murasaki She is the second wife and daughter of a provincial governor who probably belonged to a minor branch of the mighty Fujiwara clan. She served as a lady-in-waiting to the Empress Shoshi (a daughter of the powerful Fujiwara Michinaga), and was a literary contemporary and rival of Sei ShÃ… nagon she is a niece of the Lady Fujitsubo but marries after Aoi death he kidnaps her, brings her to his own palace and educates her to be his ideal lady — that is, like the Lady Fujitsubo.But he was expose about all his love affairs.Then she later die. Task 5: Analyze Part III of Genji Monogatari Now that you have read Parts I and II, complete the novel by reading Part III of Genji Monogatari. After you have finished, answer the following questions. In this part, the legacy of Genji continues. Genji, who has died in seclusion, is succeeded by Kaoru and his grandson Niou. Does the setting change in this part? If yes, how? What impact has the change had on the action and characters in the novel? Type your response here: Yes the setting has change because his son Kaoru and grandson Niou didn’t want to accept the Lord Inspector offer to marry his daughter but niou liked the step daughter of lord inspector. Kaoru is a retired emperor. They were into frangance and music. Genji had love affairs to all the women from father wives to brother wives to other wives. I guess hearing the expose of his love affairs Kaoru n Niou didn’t agree so they went on their own path. Task 6: Analyze the Setting Genji Monogatari has a foreign, historical setting. It is important to understand the culture and society in which a story is set to fully appreciate it. Use these resources to learn more about the era and the prevalent culture of that time: women in the pre-Heian era women in The Tale of Genji customs and court traditions during the Heian era Analyze the setting within the context of the era and culture in which the story is set. List important details that shed light on the setting of the story. Explain what each reference above reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based. Type your response here: Your introduction should state the focus of your essay, as well as the theme of the work. Think of the introduction as a roadmap that the essay will follow. The conclusions that are made along the way must be supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence from the piece. Use your notes and responses to the questions in the other tasks as raw material to stich together in this essay. Submit your essay as a separate document along with this activity. Evaluation Your teacher will use these rubrics to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Task 1: Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Explains in detail how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists multiple characters, including the protagonist, and describes their character traits in detail Proficient (3 points) Describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Explains how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists many characters, including the protagonist, and describes their character traits adequately Developing (2 points) Roughly describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Roughly explains how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists some characters, including the protagonist, and mentions their character traits Beginning (1 point) Attempts to describe the theme of the story and the sequence of events Attempts to explain how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists very few characters and does not correctly describe the character traits of some characters Task 2: Analyze Part I of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Thoroughly analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Deeply explores the significance of symbols used Provides abundant evidence to support analysis Proficient (3 points) Adequately analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Adequately  explores the significance of symbols used Provides sufficient evidence to support analysis Developing (2 points) Briefly analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Attempts to explore the significance of symbols used Provides some evidence to support analysis Beginning (1 point) Does not analyze the use of imagery and symbolism in the story adequately Struggles to explore the significance of symbols used Fails to provides evidence to support analysis Task 3: Analyze Part II of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately analyzes the major events and development of the plot T horoughly answers questions specific to characters Lists many key characters Thoroughly describes the role of key characters in the plot by providing relevant textual evidence Proficient (3 points) Correctly analyzes the major events and development of the plot Adequately answers questions specific to characters Lists some key characters Adequately describes the role of key characters in the plot by providing somewhat relevant textual evidence Developing (2 points) Roughly analyzes the major events and development of the plot Struggles to  answer questions specific to characters Mentions at least one key character Struggles to describe the role of key characters in the plot Beginning (1 point) Vaguely analyzes the major events and development of the plot Does not answer questions specific to characters adequately Does not list key characters Does not describe the role of key characters in the plot adequately Task 4: Analyze Part III of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately analyzes the change in setting Thoroughly describes the plot outline of the story Thoroughly explains how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists many key actions of the primary character Thoroughly describes the apparent motives of the primary character Provides relevant and insightful passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Proficient (3 points) Correctly analyzes the change in setting Adequately describes the plot outline of the story Adequately explains how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists some key actions of the primary character Adequately describes the apparent motives of the primary character Provides relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Developing (2 points) Roughly analyzes the change in setting Struggles to describe the plot outline of the story Struggles to explain how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists a few key actions of the primary character Struggles to describe the apparent motives of the primary character Provides somewhat relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Beginning (1 point) Vaguely analyzes the change in setting Does not describe the plot outline of the story adequately Does not explain how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest adequately Lists no key actions of the primary character Does not describe the apparent motives of the primary character adequately Does not provide relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Task 5: Analyze the Setting Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Correctly identifies and lists multiple references to the time period and thoroughly explains their implications Accurately analyzes the setting of the story Lists multiple details that provide insight into the setting Thoroughly explains what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Proficient (3 points) Correctly identifies and lists many references to the time period and adequately explains their implications Correctly analyzes the setting of the story Lists many details that provide insight into the setting Adequately explains what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Developing (2 points) Correctly identifies and lists some references to the time period and  explains some of their implications Roughly analyzes the setting of the story Lists some details that provide insight into the setting Struggles to explain what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Beginning (1 point) Correctly identifies and lists very few references to the time period and does not explain their implications adequately Vaguely analyzes the setting of the story Lists few details that provide insight into the setting Does not explain what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Task 6: Literary Analysis Essay on Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) The introduction accurately states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay thoroughly covers most literary elements and analyzes the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay thoroughly analyzes the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are thoroughly supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence. The essay does not contain any grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Proficient (3 points) The introduction correctly states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay adequately covers most literary elements and analyzes the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay adequately analyzes the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are adequately supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence. The essay contains few grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Developing (2 points) The introduction roughly states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay acceptably covers some literary elements, but struggles to analyze the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay struggles to analyze the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are weakly supported by analysis and textual evidence. The essay contains noticeable grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Beginning (1 point) The introduction vaguely states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay does not cover literary elements adequately or analyze their connections well. The essay does not analyze the author’s development of the overall theme adequately. The conclusions are not supported adequately. The essay contains numerous grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors.