Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Social Stratification Essay Example for Free

Social Stratification Essay A. What is Social Stratification? 1. Social stratification is defined as a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy a. There are four fundamental principles of stratification: †¢ Social stratification is a characteristic of society not just due to individual differences †¢ Social stratification persists over generations †¢ Yet, most societies allow some sort of social mobility or changes in peoples position in a system of social stratification †¢ Social mobility may be upward, downward, or horizontal †¢ Social stratification is universal but variable (it changes) †¢ Social stratification involves both inequality and beliefs 2. Social Stratification is patterned social inequality. It is also the unequal distribution of societal resources. Saying that inequality is patterned indicates that the differences occur: a. on a wide-scale basis b. with regularity   c. and along lines of certain specific, identifiable characteristics (race, class, and gender) 3. Stratification is usually based on three major premises: a. Power: the ability to impose one’s will on others b. Prestige: the respect given by others c. Property: forms of wealth 4. Patterned: if we know whether a person or group possesses or does not possess certain traits, then we will be able to predict with reasonable accuracy how this person or group is likely to fare in the social hierarchy a. Social Hierarchy: A set of ranked statuses 5. Social Inequality: Some types of people systematically experience advantages in society while other types of people are systematically disadvantaged in our society a. Some members of our society are thought of as haves, and others are thought of as have-nots. b. The determination of who is socially advantaged and who is included among the ranks of the socially disadvantaged is based, in part, on certain characteristics these individuals possess and, in part, on how society values or devalues these characteristics 6. Social stratification affects people’s lives and can be manifested in various ways in society. 7. Social Inequality is a structured and systematic phenomenon that affects people in various social classes throughout their lives. a. Because of this patterned inequality, social stratification affects people’s life chances: †¢ Life Chances: Opportunities that individuals do or do no have to engage in certain activities, and the opportunities that they do or do not have to accomplish certain goals simply because of where they are located in the social hierarchy (ex. Smart children born into wealth vs. poor families) B. Caste and Class Systems †¢ People are divided into different groupings and their lives are structured according to these groupings. There are certain things that some people cannot do, simply because their station in life prevents them from being able to do them. †¢ Other people, in a different social stratum, are able to do these things specifically because they occupy a more favorable position in the social hierarchy. †¢ Depending on how much individual mobility is possible; societies may be classified as either a caste system or a class system. 1. A caste system amounts to social stratification based on ascription a. A caste system consists of a fixed arrangement of strata from the most to the least privileged, with a persons position determined unalterably at birth. b. The most extensive contemporary example of a caste system is found in India, especially in rural areas. c. Caste discrimination is officially illegal but exists nonetheless. The traditional castes of India: †¢ Brahmans: mostly priests and scholars. †¢ Kshatriyas: warriors, rulers, and large landholders †¢ Vaishyas: merchants, farmers, and skilled artisans. †¢ Shudras: laborers and unskilled artisans. †¢ Harijans: Sometimes called untouchables, they are ranked so low that, technically, they are outside the caste system itself. d. Caste boundaries in India are reinforced further by the practice of ritual pollution or ritual avoidance. e. A caste system may be determined by many ethnic and cultural factors. European imperial powers in Africa imposed a caste system based on skin color: all whites were in a higher position or caste than any nonwhite f. Caste systems shape peoples lives in four crucial ways: †¢ Caste system largely determines occupation †¢ Caste systems largely mandate endogamy †¢ Powerful cultural beliefs underlie caste systems †¢ Caste systems limit out group social contacts g. Although caste influences remains strong in India, the situation is changing due to communication, transportation, industrialization, and the growth of a middle class. 2. In a class system, social stratification is based on individual achievement a. Class Systems. People who can be considered peers in society because of their similar life chances, similar life circumstances, and similar opportunities, constitute a social class. †¢ In a class system social standing is determined by factors over which people can exert some control, and some mobility does take place. b. In a class system, status inconsistency, the degree of consistency of a persons social standing across various dimensions of social inequality, is lower than in a caste system c. Structural social mobility: a shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than individual efforts (Ex. Computer Industry) d. Stratification persists because it is backed up by an ideology: cu ltural beliefs that directly or indirectly justify social stratification e. Ideological support for inequality. An ideology or pattern of beliefs justifies social inequality in the Unites States, which legitimizes or justifies a particular societal arrangement. †¢ Ideological Hegemony: Refers to the control over the production of cultural symbols. †¢ One of Karl Marx’s famous quotes is: â€Å"the ruling ideas of any epoch are the ideas of the ruling class because they control the mental means of production. †¢ Thus, the elite has many weapons at their disposal in order to keep society and the lower classes under control. Two of the main ways are the use of force, and the mass media. †¢ Force: use the police, military, National Guard, FBI, etc. †¢ In the long run, it depends on legitimacy in order to maintain stratification. †¢ This is the belief that existing social and political institutions are the best ones for society. †¢ All ruling elite uses their position at the top of society to create an ideology. †¢ This is a complex set of beliefs, values, and norms, which rationalize and support the elites power and privileges. †¢ The dominant or most important and valued ideas in history have been the ideas of the ruling class. †¢ The Government or big corporations do not necessarily control the mass media, but the ruling class does influence what kind of information we get and what kind of ideas we listen to. †¢ Anti-government and Anti-business views are rarely expressed, and Hollywood gives us its share of who are enemies are: both foreign and in this country. †¢ Most of the media gives the same messages of free enterprise, equality of opportunity, individualism, hard work, and consumerism. †¢ This ideology, taught through the mass media, is used by the elite to confuse, distract, and divide the lower classes. †¢ Marx argued that the class in power imposes its ideology on the entire society, and that false consciousness occurs when people in a class accept an ideology that is contrary to the best interest of that class. †¢ Marx argued that false consciousness will exist until the exploited stratum develops a sense of class consciousness, at which time the stratum will become a true social class and begin challenging the ruling class. C. The Functions of Social Stratification 1. The Davis-Moore thesis is the assertion that social stratification is a universal pattern because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society 2. This thesis implies that societies become more productive as they approach meritocracy: a system of social stratification based on personal merit 3. Criticisms of Davis-Moore: a. It is difficult to specify the functional importance of a given occupation †¢ Some are over/under rewarded (EX. Baseball player, entertainer vs. teacher, garbage collector) b. Davis-Moore ignores how social stratification can prevent the development of individual talents c. The theory also ignore how social inequality may promote conflict and revolution (instability) D. Stratification and Conflict 1. Karl Max: Class and Conflict a. Marx saw classes as defined by peoples relationship to the means of production †¢ Capitalists (bourgeoisie) are people who own factories and other productive business †¢ The proletariat are people who sell their productive labor to the capitalists b. Critical evaluation: †¢ Marxs theory has been enormously influential   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ His work has been criticized for failing to recognize that a system of unequal rewards may be necessary to motivate people to perform their social roles effectively 2. Three reasons suggested why Western Capitalism has not experienced a Marxist revolution: a. The capitalist class has fragmented and grown in size, giving more people a stake in the system b. The proletariat has also changed †¢ Blue-collar occupations, lower prestige work involving mostly manual labor, have declined †¢ White-collar occupations, higher prestige work involving mostly mental activity, have expanded c. Workers are better organized than they were in Marxs day their unions have been able to fight for reform d. The government has extended various legal protections to workers e. Supporters of Marxist thought have responded: †¢ Wealth remains highly concentrated   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ White-collar jobs offer no more income, security, satisfaction than blue-collar jobs did a century ago †¢ Class conflict continues between workers and management †¢ The laws still favor the rich 3. Max Weber identified three distinct dimensions of stratification: Class, status, and power a. Max Weber argued that social standing consists (Of three parts or dimensions: class, which he regarded as determined mainly by economic standing or wealth; party, which was equivalent to political power; and status, or social prestige and honor. b. Following Weber, many sociologists use the term socioeconomic status: a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality education, occupation, income †¢ Socioeconomic status. Following Webers lead, contemporary sociologists often use the broader concept of socioeconomic status to refer to a persons ranking along several social dimensions, particularly education, occupational prestige, and income †¢ Education. Education can lead to income attainment, but the benefits are not equally shared by racial and ethnic minorities, or by women. †¢ Wealth consists of consists of the total amount of money and valuable goods that a person or family controls †¢ It is more unequally distributed than income †¢ assets, such as real estate and jewels, and   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ income consists of occupational wages or salaries and earnings from investments †¢ Occupational Prestige: Occupation serves as a key source of social prestige since we commonly evaluate each other according to what we do †¢ Because there are so many specific occupations, sociologists often categorize occupations into a smaller number: †¢ White-Collar †¢ Professional, manager, and administrator †¢ Technical †¢ Clerical †¢ Blue-Collar †¢ Craft, precision production, and repair †¢ Operative †¢ Labor (excluding farm) †¢ Farm worker †¢ If this scheme is too unwieldy, sociologists often divide occupations into two categories: white-collar and bluecollar. †¢ The pink collar is a category that reflects the segregation of women into certain occupations, such as kindergarten teachers and secretaries. †¢ High incomes usually are associated with high-prestige occupations, but there are exceptions. †¢ Sociologists sometimes use the term prestige to mean the honor associated with an occupation or other position in the social system, and esteem to mean the honor that accrues to the individual filling the position. c. Critical evaluation: Webers views have been widely accepted in the United States although hard economic times may lead to a renewed emphasis on the importance of economic classes E. Inequality in the United States †¢ US society is highly stratified, but many people underestimate the extent of structured inequality in US society †¢ Power is also unequally distributed †¢ Schooling †¢ Ancestry, race, and gender 1. Sociologists usually conceptualize American society as consisting either of three or nine distinct social classes: a. In the three-class model, society is divided into a lower class, a middle class, and an upper class b. In the nine-class model, each of these classes is further divided into three subclasses: lower-lower, middle-lower, lower-middle, middle-middle, etc. 2. Measurement of class. To measure social class standing, sociologists have developed three main methods: a. the objective method ranks individuals into classes on the basis of measures such as education, income, and occupational prestige; b. the reputational method places people into various social classes on the basis of reputation in the community class; and c. Self- identification allows people to place themselves in a social class. c. The lower classes. †¢ The upper-lower class, also called the working class, consists of service personnel, semiskilled operatives, and other blue-collar workers who do not earn enough to accumulate substantial savings. These people are vulnerable to disruptions in their income. †¢ The lower-lower class is made up of people who lack education and live in the most dilapidated sections of the community and in substandard housing. †¢ The lower-lower class may be divided into two subgroups: †¢ The working poor are lower-lower-class people who have jobs but who simply cannot earn an adequate income; and †¢ The chronically poor are mostly unemployed or work only occasionally. 4. Class, race, and gender. These three dimensions often interact to produce a persons place in society, the manner in which people are treated, and their self identify. F. The difference class makes a. Class and health b. Class and values c. Class and politics d. Class, family, and gender G. The Myth and the Reality of Mobility in the United States †¢ Amount of mobility. Sociologists frequently focus on the intergenerational mobility of individuals: upward and downward movements in socioeconomic status measured between the standing of children compared to that of their parents. 1. Myth versus reality a. Four general conclusions †¢ Social mobility, at least among men, has been high †¢ The long-term trend in social mobility has been upward †¢ Within a single generation, social mobility is usually incremental, Not dramatic †¢ The short-term trend has been stagnation, with some income polarization b. Mobility varies by income level c. Mobility also varies by race, ethnicity, and gender 1. Determinants of mobility †¢ Social Mobility: The movement of persons and groups within the stratification system. a. Steepness of the socioeconomic pyramid: that there are not enough high status jobs to satisfy everyone. b. Starting position on the socioeconomic ladder: some people begin closer to the top than others. c. Structural mobility: the movement of entire categories of people due to changes in society itself. d. Types of mobility †¢ Upward and downward †¢ Intragenerational social mobility is a change in social position occurring during a persons lifetime †¢ Intergenerational social mobility is upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents 2. Social stratification can be determined by a number of variables, each of which can cause someone to be advantaged or disadvantaged compared to others in society. a. It is not necessarily the impact of any one variable in U.S. society that leads to stratification – it is a unique combination of stratification-related factors that determines how one succeeds in society. b. Some of these traits are within our control, others we have little control over (ascribed vs. achieved) Who can tell me which is which? †¢ Major ascribed social stratifiers: race, sex, and age †¢ Major achieved social stratifiers (education, income, occupation, religion, etc.) SOCIAL stratification is the main reason for relational set of inequalities in economic, social, political and ideological dimensions. It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate each other. On the basis of such evaluation, one is rewarded with more wealth, authority, power and prestige. It is broadly organised into three parts: upper class, middle class and lower class on the basis of power and wealth. This has resulted in the creation of a number of levels within our society. Social stratification causes social disparity and many problems as it is an unjust system with monopoly of power and wealth in a particular group. It affects life chances, lifestyles and prestige. It creates emotional stress and depression for the people belonging to lower social stratum as they have unequal access to wealth, power and prestige. It creates a huge gulf between the people in terms of their incomes and a range of measures associated with social position, education, health, and psychological well-being. It is distinctly perceived that disparity causes chaos in society. These are the stumbling blocks in the way to progress and development of the country.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Iron Increases Heart Disease :: essays research papers

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has afflicted man throughout history. Diet and hereditary factors obviously are the key components in developing this condition. Foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats are often implicated in hastening or aggravating heart disease. Many disease states such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension have also been shown to increase a persons chances for CAD. Heart disease usually affects persons over age 60, but can be seen in people who are much younger for various reasons. This disease remains the number one cause of hospitalization and death in the adult population in western society (McCance and Huether, 1994). The purpose of this literature review is to investigate research dealing with the subject of increased serum iron levels and the prevalence of CAD. Medical journals were primarily used for research data due to the nature of the subject and the need for in-depth analysis. While it has the highest prevalence of any disease, women experience only 30-50% of the coronary artery disease incidence and mortality of age-matched men (Meyers, 1996). Many feel that this may be due to the protective effect that estrogen has on the blood vessels of females. There may actually be a direct correlation to reduced serum iron levels due to menses. Whereas men " build-up" iron in the blood, women cleanse themselves of iron buildup on the monthly basis. Meyers (1996) also states that oxidation, the process in which an atom increases its positive charges (Miller and Keane, 1992), of low density lipoprotein cholesterol is important in atherosclerosis, and since oxidation is catalyzed by iron, it has been hypothesized that the lower iron stores of women reduce their risk of CAD through lessened lipid peroxide, a by-product of oxidation. Numerous studies have been conducted to actually see if a relationship between serum iron or serum transferrin, (serum iron concentration divided by total iron-binding capacity), and heart disease or myocardial infarction, (heart attacks) exists. Sempos and Looker, (1994) used a total of 4518 men and women to conduct the first study of its kind on the subject of iron and CAD. Frequent serum iron levels, collected from 1971-74, and followed up through 1987, showed the risk of CAD was not related to serum transferrin levels in white men or women. Indeed, an inverse association of total body iron stores and overall mortality was shown, that is moderate to high serum transferrin associated with lower mortality.

Monday, January 13, 2020

Spending Money on Fashion

Spending Money on Fashion Every year, all around the world, many people spend their money for fashion to have the best look and attract others' attention to themselves. They might prefer to buy classic clothes or fads, but which one is better? To answer this question, individuals should think of different things that might affect their mind about fashion. First thing that comes to most of the people's mind is money. Everyone can be the best-looked errors, but they might need a lot of money to buy the best clothes.People cannot spend all of their money on their clothes; because fashion is not the only thing that is important, so the best logical way to solve this problem is to buy the things, which they can be sure that they will wear that more than once and it will remain for them and they did not spend their money on garbage. Many people may prefer to be up to date and wear the clothes which are trendy. This type of people used to wear fads.Fad is an intense and widely shared enthus iasm for something, especially one that is short-lived and without basis in the object's qualities; it is a craze. These people are brave; because they are taking risk and buying something that might not be trendy in such a close time. They do not care about this, and they fearlessly buy fads. On the other hand, there is another group of individuals; this set of people use to wear clothes which they can make sure they can wear them later, whenever they want, and t is not a periodic looking.This set, used to wear classics. Classics are Judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind. In my opinion, these individuals are deciding logically and they are actually thinking of their money. Because they are having a chic look by buying classics and at the same time, they are saving their money because they can wear their clothes at any time and they can be sure that their clothes passed the time exam.

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Buying a Fake GED or Professional Certificate

You can buy fake certifications for just about anything. There are fake GEDs, continuing education units, massage therapist certificates, hairstylist certificates, accounting, plumbing, even teaching certificates... but should you buy them? Its Not a Good Idea If you want to throw your money away  and buy some bad karma to boot, go ahead, but you will only add to the trouble in your life, not solve problems. You will be out $100, or more! You will not have the education to back up this fake diploma. You will not feel any better about your missing accomplishments. You will not fool anybody, especially an employer, and if you do fool them, it wont be for long. If you cant perform the job you got with your fake diploma or certificate, you wont keep the job. Youll likely be shamed and then fired. You also run the risk of being sued, especially if you hurt someone, and youll be right back where you started, less the money you spent on the fake diploma. Dont be a sucker. Earn your diploma the right way. Earn your certificate the right way; by learning and doing. It doesnt matter if no one ever finds out. You know, and youre the only one who matters. Roadblocks to Going Back to School There are many reasons that going back to school might seem too hard. But there is help out there. You didnt graduate high school. Everyone has to start somewhere, and if your goal is to earn a GED or high school equivalency certificate, congratulations. Its never too late, and this certificate can make a huge difference in your life. Learn more about  GED and High School Equivalency.You feel ready ​to go back to school  but arent sure what to train for. If youre not sure what to study but want to provide for yourself and/or your family, choose to learn something that will help you find a great job.Youre not sure how to pay for school. Finding aid as a non-traditional student can feel overwhelming, but money for college is available to almost anyone. Learn more about financial aid for non-traditional students to help alleviate some of your money worries.You dont want to or cant go to a physical campus and youre not sure about online universities.  Lots and lots of people are going back to school online, in all kinds of subjects. The beauty of online courses is that yo u can take them from anywhere you have an Internet connection.Youre not sure you have enough drive. If a little motivation is all you need to get back in the classroom, youll find it here. Thinking positive is easy, and its free! Learning how to write SMART goals is a great place to start.