Genji Monogatari or The Tale of Genji Essay

Unit 3: Analysis of Fiction This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals: 21st Century Skills—You will use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, employ online tools for research and analysis and communicate effectively. Introduction Literature has long been a major source of information and entertainment. Learning to analyze literary work systematically can significantly add to your enjoyment and appreciation of literature. The aim of literary analysis is to extract information about a work of literature from the text itself. Literary analysis essentially involves a detailed examination of the text to answer predefined types of questions, including what the author intended to say or why and to what effect he or she used a certain literary device. Such an analysis helps not only to identify narrative elements such as theme, plot, and setting in a fictional work but also to reveal the author’s purpose and viewpoint and the cultural and social factors influencing the author. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Genji Monogatari, or The Tale of Genji, is a Japanese novel written in the early eleventh century that tells the story of Genji, the son of a Japanese emperor. Genji is considered to be one of the first psychological novels. Read the first four chapters of part I of Genji Monogatari (â€Å"The Paulownia Court,† â€Å"The Broom Tree,† â€Å"The Shell of the Locust,† and â€Å"Evening Faces†), which has been translated into English by Edward Siedensticker. Another version of this same translation can be paged through online. You can also find a paper copy of the book in your school library or a bookstore. After reading the translation, analyze and describe the theme of the novel as revealed in the first four chapters. Type your response here: The Theme of this story is Genji spends much of his time writing poems to women he is attracted to, but who have little interest in him; most of them know that nothing positive would come of an affair with him, and so resist the impulse as much as possible, although they often had similar feelings toward Genji. His numerous affairs often involved women from outside the court, behavior which was scandalous for a person of his position, so his affairs are usually conducted in complete secrecy, which he took considerable trouble to maintain. Each affair is significantly different in character from the others, though; a factor which keeps this pattern from becoming repetitive and boring. For instance, at one point he lusts after a princess after hearing her play beautiful music on the zither; he quickly declares his love for her in a flurry of letters, which she never answers. However, the more he finds out about her, the less he likes her, but he cannot help feeling guilty after his ardent pursuit, and he maintains the relationship long after his feelings have waned. In one of his last affairs, he is on the receiving side of the attentions of an elderly lady; he has to think of creative ways of dodging the situation, without a loss of face for either party. The last section, after Genji’s death starts out like an uncertain epilogue, but it soon takes on a life of its own, and the failings of the environment portrayed there only heighten the allure of that of Genji himself. The problems that seemed so double-edged when they were Genji’s pale beside the blunders and the folly of his descendants, and only make him look better in retrospect. This can lead to nostalgia for his sphere, and against it the troubles of the inhabitants of the later chapters seem both fated and pitiable. Some contemporary readers feel that the author may have used his series of  affairs simply as a device, to allow her to present a range of youthful love’s folly, in a series of devastating portraits, ranging from tragic obsession to utter, hilarious disaster. Some feel that the ‘Tale of Genji’ is not so much about Genji as it is about the women he interacts with in his life – their feelings, their experiences, their fates. Much as they have large roles, though, it is to Genji that the narrative returns time and again. A major ambition of many members of the aristocracy in the world of Heian court was to present a daughter to the Emperor, or his Heir Apparent; the supreme goal of a non-imperial noble was to be the grandfather (via his daughter) of an Emperor. As a result, the Emperor usually had a range of recognized relationships with women, not so much as a result of sexual acquisitiveness, but because he was virtually required to make his prestige relatively widely accessible. These ladies did not all have equal rank; those on the lowest rungs had a birth rank which was too low, and they also lacked the necessary political support. 1. In the table below, list the characters in the first four chapters, identify their types, and describe their traits. Type your response in the table: Character Type Character from Genji Character Trait(s) protagonist Prince Genji The eponymous hero of the tale, he is the son of an emperor (usually referred to as Kiritsubo Emperor) and of a low-ranking imperial concubine (known to readers as Lady Kiritsubo or Kiritsubo KÃ… i). antagonist Emperor Kiritsubo Genji’s father, who despite the large social gap between him and the Kiritsubo Lady, maintains an unwavering devotion to her, tragically exposing  her to the jealousy of his other consorts. minor character Lady Kiritsubo Genji’s mother and the favorite of Emperor Kiritsubo, Lady Kiritsubo is disadvantaged at court because she lacks parental support. Her father, a Grand Counselor, is already dead at the beginning of the narrative, and her mother cannot provide her with political support. s tatic character Lady Murasaki She is the daughter of Prince HyÃ… bu by a minor consort and related to Fujitsubo on her father’s side (HyÃ… bu is Fujitsubo’s brother, hence Murasaki is Fujitsubo’s niece). dynamic character ShÃ… nagon She is Murasaki’s nurse and most important protector after the grandmother. 2. Analyze the development of the plot in the first four chapters. Note the major events in the first four chapters in the order in which they occur. Type your response here: Part One: Genji is born as the second son for the Emperor, the son of a beloved concubine of the Emperor, known as the Lady Kiritsubo, whose father is dead, and who depends on the Emperor for all her status. However, Genji’s birth raises the ire of the mother of the first son, a lady of much higher rank. Genji’s mother dies soon afterwards, and as the Emperor likes Genji, he is raised within the Court, becoming a very accomplished as well as good-looking young man. The Emperor would like to do more for Genji, but he cannot because of the power of the first son’s mother. His father worries about his son’s future, since he has no powerful family behind him, so he makes him a commoner, and part of a non-royal family, giving him the last name â€Å"Minamoto†. (This is the origin of Genji’s ‘name’: ‘gen’ is an alternate reading of the character for his given last name, and ‘ji’ means ‘name’; so â€Å"Genji† roughly means â€Å"bearer of the Minamoto name†. It is not his actual name, though.) This allows him to serve as a government official;  in writing terms, this device also allows him to belong to both realms, and thereby gives him an increased scope as a character. As a young man, Genji is forced into a marriage of convenience with the daughter of a powerful court figure, but he is never really happy with her, although they do eventually have a son, Yugiri. Instead, he falls in love with one of the Emperor’s concubines, Fujitsubo; she strongly resembles his own dead mother (which is why the Emperor, who adored Kiritsubo, brought her to court). He has his first illicit affair with her; she becomes pregnant as a result, and gives birth to a boy. The child’s true parentage is kept secret, and he is by the Emperor as his own son, eventually ascending to the throne himself. Although feeling guilt because of this affair, Genji goes on to have numerous other affairs with a large number of other court ladies. One of them is the Lady Murasaki, who is Fujitsubo’s niece; she had been placed in his care when she was a girl, and he raised her to be his ideal lady. Genji’s wife eventually dies, and he then marries Murasaki. Finally, the exposure of Genji’s adultery with a concubine of the new Emperor (who had succeeded Genji’s father), a lady of another court faction (which includes the mother of the new Emperor, the old Emperor’s first son) results in his being exiled for a period. Although the Emperor is not much put out, he is forced by propriety to send him away; since he is in disgrace, Genji must leave Murasaki behind. After a short period in exile in Suma and Akashi, Genji returns to the capital, where his son with Fujitsubo has now become Emperor. As a result, since the new Emperor knows Genji is his real father, Genji rises high in status and position, being appointed to a high official rank. He uses his power and wealth to bring benefits to the women he has loved, including bringing them to live in a palace, a magnificent complex of four interconnected mansions, one for each of the four seasons, and each housing one of his ladies. His focus becomes advancing the careers of his children and grand-children, and when he manages to get his daughter, the Akashi Princess (who was the outcome of an affair with a wealthy merchant’s daughter in Akashi) presented at court, he has reached the zenith of his power and influence. Part Two: The previous Emperor, now retired and planning on entering a monastery, had placed his daughter in Genji’s care; Genji, moved by the fact that this girl, like Lady Murasaki, is also a niece of his first love, Fujitsubo, agrees to marry her too. However, the girl is very immature, casting him back on his love for Lady Murasaki. However, now that Genji has an ‘official’ wife, and one of high breeding, that forces Lady Murasaki into seclusion. Genji cannot afford to slight his ‘official’ wife, the daughter of a retired Emperor, but when Murasaki becomes ill, he abandons the daughter for a lengthy period to look after Murasaki. While he is doing so, however, Genji’s nephew, one of the suitors who had been vying for the young wife’s hand before she married Genji, and has not given up his desire for her, eventually manages an affair with her; she becomes pregnant, and bears a son, Kaoru. Distraught at Genji’s anger, the boy’s mot her retires to a nunnery, and Genji in turn is forced to accept another man’s son as his heir; this causes him to repent for many of his own similar past actions. Meanwhile, Lady Murasaki, Genji’s real love and principal wife of more than twenty years (in reality, if not legally), who had long asked Genji’s permission to become a nun, and who is still ill, dies before getting the chance. Utterly devastated by this sequence of events, Genji begins preparations to take the vows himself, leaving the capital to enter a small mountain temple. Part Three: The Tale of Genji continues, although without Genji, who is assumed to have died in seclusion. In his place are Kaoru (his wife’s son with her lover), and Genji’s grandson Niou, the son of his daughter, the Akashi Princess (who is now Empress). These two carry on the Genji tradition of complex affairs of the heart. Kaoru considers entering the monastic life because he is  unable to come to terms with the world of his time. He begins visiting one of the princes, who likewise disappointed with court life, has gone into reclusion in Uji; Kaoru finds him a kindred spirit. While there, he finally hears the secret of his own birth, and he also meets the Prince’s daughter, Oigimi, to whom he is strongly attracted. After the death of the Prince, Kaoru proposes marriage to Oigimi, but she suppresses her own feelings for him, and instead encourages him to marry her younger sister, Nakanokimi. Kaoru, for his part, urges Niou to marry Naka-no-kimi, and Niou succeeds in seducing Naka-no-kimi. Kaoru tries to get Oigimi to agree to the marriage of Niou and Naka-no-kimi; however, the sisters come to feel that both men are trifling with them, and Oigimi decides to starve herself to death before she can reconsider her rejection of Kaoru. After her death, Niou is forced by intense political and parental pressure to take as his main wife a daughter of Genji’s son Yugiri. Kaoru now transfers his attentions to Naka-no-kimi, who reminds him of the dead Oigimi; she is tormented by his persistent wooing. She tries to interest him in Ukifune, her half-sister by a different mother, who also looks like Oigimi. When Kaoru sees her, he falls in love with her – but so does Niou, when he comes to visit. Kaoru succeeds in having an affair with her, but so does Niou. Kaoru would be the more important catch, but she is much more strongly drawn to Niou. Ukifune sees no solution to this tangle other than to drown herself in the river. On the verge of doing so, and suffering from amnesia from the stress, she is saved by a senior religious figure; she then goes to Ono in his company, and becomes a nun there when her memory partially returns. When Kaoru discovers where she is, she refuses to meet him; the story abruptly ends there. Part three: Genji’s curiosity is aroused by whoever might be in the house of yugao, so he sends Koremitsu to investigate, who reports back that To-no-Chujo had been  there and that a lady evidently resided within. Genji cannot resist, so he disguises himself and arranges a secret meeting through her maid, Ukon. Yugao is a very frail, submissive beauty, and Genji is reminded of To-no-Chujo’s rainy night story. Unlike To-no-Chujo, however, Genji is attracted by this gentility, and resolves to take her away. Unable to resist, and very frightened, Yugao is rushed off with Ukon to a deserted mansion. That night, Genji dreams of a jealous lady resembling Lady Rokujo, and when he wakes he sees an apparition by Yugao’s pillow. He tries to wake her, but she is no longer breathing. Genji panics, wakes Ukon and Koremitsu, but it is too late, she is dead. Koremitsu sends Genji back to his palace at Nijo and takes her body to a nunnery in the eastern hills for funeral rites. At Nijo, Genji is unsettled by recent events and cannot appear at court. He sets out on horseback with Koremitsu to see Yugao’s body, but on the return journey he feels ill and falls off his horse. The illness lasts for quite some time, and when he recovers he confirms with Ukon that Yugao was in fact To-no-Chujo’s mistress. Genji retains Ukon and asks her to find Yugao’s daughter, intending to raise her himself. The chapter end with a final poetic exchange with Utsusemi, whom Genji also loses. Task 2: Analyze Part I of Genji Monogatari Now read the remaining chapters of Part I. After you have finished, quote at least five examples of the use of imagery and symbolism in Part I. Type your response here: 1. Genji was suffering from malaria. He took four or five attendants along to visit a sage in the northern hills. He was a most accomplished worker of cures. 2. Then a pretty girl of perhaps ten ran in and complained to the nun in a weeping voice that Inuki had let her baby sparrows loose. That was the first time Genji saw the Murasaki-no-Ue. 3. The bishop gave farewell presents: a rosary of carved ebony which Prince Shotoku had obtained in Korea, still in the original Chinese box, wrapped and attached to a branch of cinquefoil pine; and several medical bottles of indigo decorated with  spray of cherry and wisteria. 4. It was still dark when Genji made his departure, going his word that he would come back. There was a heavy mist and the ground was white. Passing the house of a woman he had been seeing in secret, he had someone knock on the gate. There was no answer, and so he had someone else from his retinue, a man of very good voice, chant a poem of his. Though there was a poem g iven in response, no one came out. 5. Before Prince Hyobu, the father of the girl, came, Genji took the girl away to his Nijo residence in the middle of night. Genji worked hard to make them feel at home. He wrote down poems and drew pictures for her to copy. Task 3: Analyze Part II of Genji Monogatari Read Part II of Genji Monogatari. After you have finished, answer the following questions. a. Analyze the development of the plot in Part II. Note the major events in the order in which they occur. Type your response here: The ceremony of the initiation of the Third Princess took place at the end of the year. A large array of splendid gifts came from the Suzaku emperor and others. From Akikonomu came some combs, which had been sent by the Suzaku emperor when she married. The Day of the Rat fell on the twenty-third of the First Month. On that day, people celebrated the Genji’s fortieth birthday. Tamakazura came with some new herbs that promised long life. She had brought her two sons. Her young and beautiful face reminded Genji of his old age and his lost days. Towards the middle of the Second Month, the Third Princess came to Rokujo to marry Genji. Genji could not refuse the request of Suzaku who had been looking for someone to support for his daughter. There was also another reason that Genji was induced to marry her. For the Third Princess was a niece of Fujitsubo. In the Tenth Month, Murasaki made offerings in Genji’s honor. Choosing a temple in Saga, she commissioned a reading of the sutras for the protection of the realm. Ending the fast, a banquet was arranged at the Nijo residence and attended by many people in festive dress. The musicians took their places. Yugiri and Kashiwagi went  out and danced under a tree of plum rouge. As it had become true, he would like to withdraw from the world and go off into the deep mountains. The old nun’s grief was limitless. As she was the wife of Genji, it was forbidden love. Kashiwagi called the cat and took it up in his arms. Mewing prettily, it brought the image of the Third Princess back to him. a. Describe the events around Murasaki’s death? Type your response here: When Emperor IchijÃ…  died in 1011, ShÃ… shi retired from the Imperial Palace to live in a Fujiwara mansion in Biwa, most likely accompanied by Murasaki, who is recorded as being there with ShÃ… shi in 1013. George Aston explains that when Murasaki retired from court she was again associated with Ishiyama-dera: â€Å"To this beautiful spot, it is said, Murasaki no Shikibu retired from court life to devote the remainder of her days to literature and religion. There are sceptics, however, Motoà ¶ri being one, who refuse to believe this story, pointing out †¦ that it is irreconcilable with known facts. Murasaki may have died in 1014. Her father made a hasty return to Kyoto from his post at Echigo Province that year, possibly because of her death. Shirane mentions that 1014 is generally accepted as the date of Murasaki Shikibu’s death and 973 as the date of her birth, making her 41 when she died. Bowring considers 1014 to be speculative, and believes she may have lived with ShÃ… shi until as late as 1025. Waley agrees given that Murasaki may have attended ceremonies with ShÃ… shi held for her son, Emperor Go-IchijÃ…  around 1025. Murasaki’s brother Nubonori died in around 1011, which, combined with the death of his daughter, may have prompted her father to resign his post and take vows at Miidera temple where he died in 1029. Murasaki’s daughter entered court service in 1025 as a wet nurse to the future Emperor Go-Reizei (1025–68). She went on to become a well-known poet as Daini no Sanmi b. Why does Genji agree to marry the daughter of the Suzaku emperor? Why does their marriage fail? Type your response here: Genji’s marriage to the Third Princess, the favorite daughter of his elder brother Suzaku, emphasized Genji’s reasons for accepting this marriage and the ways in which it affected the relationship between him and Murasaki. However, it also prepared the ground for a further treatment of the relationship between Genji and Suzaku himself. Kokiden once planned to marry her much younger sister Oborozukiyo to her son, then still heir apparent. Before she could do so, however, Genji made love to the young woman himself (â€Å"Hana no En†), striking up with her a passionate, lasting affair. Suzaku knows that the two remain in touch even after his accession, and because he loves Oborozukiyo, the difference between possessing her person and her heart torments him. The opening passage of â€Å"Miotsukushi† makes these feelings clear. Genji has returned from exile and is about to sweep Suzaku aside, together with everyone who ever supported him. c. Name and describe three key characters who appear in this part of the novel (or whose roles have advanced in this part). What role do they play? What evidence from the text can you provide that they are round characters, and thus have an important role? How do they interact with and challenge or support the protagonist? Use this table to capture your answers. Type your response in the table: Key Character Role and Traits Interaction with Genji Textual Evidence Lady Fujitsubo first as a stepmother but later as a woman they fall in love with each other. Basically love at first sight They have a son together that is kept secret while she is married to the Emperor Kiritsubo now the little boy is crown she became Empress but Genji n her kept it secret Aoi no Ue His first wife and the daughter of the Minister of Left. She marries Genji when she is sixteen and he only twelve They have a son together name YÃ… «giri but dies after He engages in a series of unfulfilling love affairs with other women, but in most cases his advances are rebuffed, his lover dies suddenly during the affair, or he becomes bored of his lover. Murasaki She is the second wife and daughter of a provincial governor who probably belonged to a minor branch of the mighty Fujiwara clan. She served as a lady-in-waiting to the Empress Shoshi (a daughter of the powerful Fujiwara Michinaga), and was a literary contemporary and rival of Sei ShÃ… nagon she is a niece of the Lady Fujitsubo but marries after Aoi death he kidnaps her, brings her to his own palace and educates her to be his ideal lady — that is, like the Lady Fujitsubo.But he was expose about all his love affairs.Then she later die. Task 5: Analyze Part III of Genji Monogatari Now that you have read Parts I and II, complete the novel by reading Part III of Genji Monogatari. After you have finished, answer the following questions. In this part, the legacy of Genji continues. Genji, who has died in seclusion, is succeeded by Kaoru and his grandson Niou. Does the setting change in this part? If yes, how? What impact has the change had on the action and characters in the novel? Type your response here: Yes the setting has change because his son Kaoru and grandson Niou didn’t want to accept the Lord Inspector offer to marry his daughter but niou liked the step daughter of lord inspector. Kaoru is a retired emperor. They were into frangance and music. Genji had love affairs to all the women from father wives to brother wives to other wives. I guess hearing the expose of his love affairs Kaoru n Niou didn’t agree so they went on their own path. Task 6: Analyze the Setting Genji Monogatari has a foreign, historical setting. It is important to understand the culture and society in which a story is set to fully appreciate it. Use these resources to learn more about the era and the prevalent culture of that time: women in the pre-Heian era women in The Tale of Genji customs and court traditions during the Heian era Analyze the setting within the context of the era and culture in which the story is set. List important details that shed light on the setting of the story. Explain what each reference above reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based. Type your response here: Your introduction should state the focus of your essay, as well as the theme of the work. Think of the introduction as a roadmap that the essay will follow. The conclusions that are made along the way must be supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence from the piece. Use your notes and responses to the questions in the other tasks as raw material to stich together in this essay. Submit your essay as a separate document along with this activity. Evaluation Your teacher will use these rubrics to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Task 1: Analyze Literary Elements in Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Explains in detail how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists multiple characters, including the protagonist, and describes their character traits in detail Proficient (3 points) Describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Explains how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists many characters, including the protagonist, and describes their character traits adequately Developing (2 points) Roughly describes the theme of the story and the sequence of events Roughly explains how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists some characters, including the protagonist, and mentions their character traits Beginning (1 point) Attempts to describe the theme of the story and the sequence of events Attempts to explain how the narrative mode is appropriate to the story Lists very few characters and does not correctly describe the character traits of some characters Task 2: Analyze Part I of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Thoroughly analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Deeply explores the significance of symbols used Provides abundant evidence to support analysis Proficient (3 points) Adequately analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Adequately  explores the significance of symbols used Provides sufficient evidence to support analysis Developing (2 points) Briefly analyzes the use of imagery and symbolism in the story Attempts to explore the significance of symbols used Provides some evidence to support analysis Beginning (1 point) Does not analyze the use of imagery and symbolism in the story adequately Struggles to explore the significance of symbols used Fails to provides evidence to support analysis Task 3: Analyze Part II of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately analyzes the major events and development of the plot T horoughly answers questions specific to characters Lists many key characters Thoroughly describes the role of key characters in the plot by providing relevant textual evidence Proficient (3 points) Correctly analyzes the major events and development of the plot Adequately answers questions specific to characters Lists some key characters Adequately describes the role of key characters in the plot by providing somewhat relevant textual evidence Developing (2 points) Roughly analyzes the major events and development of the plot Struggles to  answer questions specific to characters Mentions at least one key character Struggles to describe the role of key characters in the plot Beginning (1 point) Vaguely analyzes the major events and development of the plot Does not answer questions specific to characters adequately Does not list key characters Does not describe the role of key characters in the plot adequately Task 4: Analyze Part III of Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Accurately analyzes the change in setting Thoroughly describes the plot outline of the story Thoroughly explains how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists many key actions of the primary character Thoroughly describes the apparent motives of the primary character Provides relevant and insightful passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Proficient (3 points) Correctly analyzes the change in setting Adequately describes the plot outline of the story Adequately explains how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists some key actions of the primary character Adequately describes the apparent motives of the primary character Provides relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Developing (2 points) Roughly analyzes the change in setting Struggles to describe the plot outline of the story Struggles to explain how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest Lists a few key actions of the primary character Struggles to describe the apparent motives of the primary character Provides somewhat relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Beginning (1 point) Vaguely analyzes the change in setting Does not describe the plot outline of the story adequately Does not explain how the development of plot retains or diminishes reader interest adequately Lists no key actions of the primary character Does not describe the apparent motives of the primary character adequately Does not provide relevant passages to support the analysis of the character’s motives Task 5: Analyze the Setting Concepts Distinguished (4 points) Correctly identifies and lists multiple references to the time period and thoroughly explains their implications Accurately analyzes the setting of the story Lists multiple details that provide insight into the setting Thoroughly explains what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Proficient (3 points) Correctly identifies and lists many references to the time period and adequately explains their implications Correctly analyzes the setting of the story Lists many details that provide insight into the setting Adequately explains what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Developing (2 points) Correctly identifies and lists some references to the time period and  explains some of their implications Roughly analyzes the setting of the story Lists some details that provide insight into the setting Struggles to explain what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Beginning (1 point) Correctly identifies and lists very few references to the time period and does not explain their implications adequately Vaguely analyzes the setting of the story Lists few details that provide insight into the setting Does not explain what each reference reveals about the society or culture in which the story is based Task 6: Literary Analysis Essay on Genji Monogatari Concepts Distinguished (4 points) The introduction accurately states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay thoroughly covers most literary elements and analyzes the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay thoroughly analyzes the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are thoroughly supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence. The essay does not contain any grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Proficient (3 points) The introduction correctly states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay adequately covers most literary elements and analyzes the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay adequately analyzes the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are adequately supported by thoughtful analysis and textual evidence. The essay contains few grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Developing (2 points) The introduction roughly states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay acceptably covers some literary elements, but struggles to analyze the cumulative effect of the literary elements used and the connections between them. The essay struggles to analyze the author’s development of the overall theme. The conclusions are weakly supported by analysis and textual evidence. The essay contains noticeable grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Beginning (1 point) The introduction vaguely states the focus of the essay and the theme of the work. The essay does not cover literary elements adequately or analyze their connections well. The essay does not analyze the author’s development of the overall theme adequately. The conclusions are not supported adequately. The essay contains numerous grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors.

McDonalds arch delux

The Arch Deluxe was a quarter pounder hamburgers with a slice of peppered bacon, leaf lettuce, onion and tomatoes served on a potato bun with sesame seed’s the hamburger was served with cheese and a honey mustard sauce.McDonalds conceived the idea for the Arch Deluxe in an attempt to win over he more taste perceptive adult. This burger was marketed as â€Å"The Burger with the Grown-up Taste†. It was burgers that would definitely not appeal to children and seemed an attempt to make McDonalds a place that taste savvy grown-ups might go for children even if they didn’t have children. McDonalds was looking to upgrade the image of the fast food restaurant to appeal to a more sophisticated customer and to offer a bit more choice.The reasoning behind McDonalds decision to add the Arch Deluxe included demographic informational and trends that indicated longer life spans. McDonalds felt that this could mean more adult coming to McDonalds and the need for more choice and adult sandwich offerings. McDonalds hired well-known chef Andrew Selvaggio to create a new line of burgers for a more taste-sophisticated consumer. The Arch Deluxe was marketed in 1996. McDonalds used a very pricey marketing campaign to let people know about the new addition to the menu in an attempt to draw new customers.The Arch Deluxe was actually part of a series of deluxe sandwiches that included the larger fish fillet sandwich and a grilled chicken sandwich which have both successfully remained on the menu1.Reasons for new product failureProducts are generally associated with a particular branding. This brand was developed as an attempt to help new products acceptance, to improve the chances of success. The brand made the overall company line of product familiar. Ronald McDonald and the golden arches helped McDonald establish the brand, trust and familiarity to the public. The trouble, at times with branding is that it can in effect; pigeon hole a company and make it difficult for He Company to expand markets. McDonald attempted to reach a more sophisticated, taste conscious adult with the Arch Deluxe. Unfortunately for McDonald, those consumers don’t see themselves at McDonalds and so the campaign and the Arch Deluxe hamburger was a failure.Products can also ail due to poor advertising that is confusing or simply does not attract the customer. Products often fail because the company fails to truly know its customers and its brand.2. Failure of the Arch DeluxeOf course that attraction of McDonalds is not sophistication or five stars tastes. . The draw to the quick meal is the quick meal that appeals to families and is inexpensive. The limited menu is also part of the appeal. McDonalds was trying to add something new to the menu and was marketing it in part, on the fact that it tasted good. McDonalds didn’t seem to recognize that taste isn’t really the main traction to the restaurant. . Critic of the Arch Deluxe included comments abou t the reason people come to McDonalds. What McDonald provides is fast, friendly, consistent simple food for a value. Critics said that McDonalds was loosing touch with their market and with their own business brand.Interesting to note that the Arch Deluxe was developed in the corporate office, where the more successful menu additions such as the apple pie and fish fillet were developed in kitchens in the field. Though McDonald did ample product research on the Arch Deluxe and found that people responded well to the taste, the fact of the matter was that people weren’t looking for that type of burger at McDonaldsMcDonald should have stuck with what they were good at and developed products that kept in mind their brand and their customer.McDonalds is know for simple food and should stay with that type of product.McDonalds is known as family friendly environment with food that children like. Developing foods that are not child friendly will be difficult to market or McDonalds.Mc Donalds was looking to attract an older adult consumer with perceptive taste buds. However, they did not take into account that these consumers are also health conscious and the Arch Deluxe was survey not a healthy choice.3. Observation & ConclusionThe advertising campaign was led by Peter Colligate, known for his unconventional approaches. The campaign focused on children looking at the sandwich with confusion and disinterest. The idea was clearly to make this an adult burger. The lack of success with this advertising tactic led McDonalds to switch to a conveniently advertising effort which included Ronald McDonald in a more adult role, playing golf and dancing at a nightclub for example.Businesses must really understand their band and their consumers. Product failure can be the result of simply loosing the focus of the business brand. Loosing sight of what the customer expects. A McDonald’s customer is looking for a simple meal and a reasonable price. They want to come n or drive and up and order quickly. Customers aren’t looking or a lengthy menu with too many choices.Families on the go look forward to a quick decision and a fast friendly response to their order. Customers are also looking for value. The success of the â€Å"dollar menu† tells one that fact. Buying a sandwich at McDonalds that would have been the same price at a nicer restaurant can feel like a bad value to a true McDonald’s customer. They are looking for the dollar menu.4.RecommendationsMcDonalds must be certain it knows it audience and its consumers. In the future, assuming the relatively stable branding of McDonalds, they will want to stay within a certain range of products. Products must be inexpensive, familiar and now they must also be somewhat healthy.5.ReferencesHaig, Matt, Brand Failures, 200 Kogan Page.Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All TimesLubow, Arthur, Steal This Burger, The New York Times Magazine April 1998

Justice look

When you look up synonyms for the word Justice, or ask someone what they think the word meaner, they will spew out nouns such as: neutrality, fairness, impartiality's, etc. I believe Justice in terms of the criminal system is the collaboration of three different entities, police, court, and corrections. That have to work together to form an illusion of one single entity; and in doing this, they have to still maintain a check and balance system amongst themselves. So, no one system should be able to have full authority.For only by this can it strive for the ability to bring about a system that can observe eternally, Judge fairly, and the ability to weigh each investigation and case with a sense of impartiality. The main components of the criminal system are the police, court, and correction unit. They have to interact with one another by a collective meaner. You have the law enforcement in the forefront; they are the ones that have to enter the â€Å"crime scene,† take into con sideration all the evidence, collects the evidence, and they have to arrest the suspect.Once they have apprehended the suspect perceived to be the doer of the crime. The suspect at this time is taken to the rout; the evidence collected by the police is then presented at the court. Case is made by both prosecution and defense team. You have the unbiased Jury and Judge that view the case, evidence, and testimony; they deliberate and come back with a sentence. Once the suspect is sentenced, if found guilty, they are sent to a correctional institute. The correctional unit officers have to supervise the convicted felons.They have to ensure that their facility is well situated and capable of holding the convicted felons, so that both the inmates and the public can co-exist in a safe environment. The two models of the criminal Justice system are: The crime control model and the due process model. The two models differ from each other through which part of the Justice system they put their emphasis on. The Crime control model put their importance on reducing crime and criminal activities in society through implication of the Law enforcement officers, I. E. Alice/detective, taking control and in theory get to the solution and conviction as soon as possible. The Crime control model Judges the person for what they did, their role in the crime. It is more cut and dry. They believe the severity of the punishment should correlate with the crime. This theory allows for capital punishment, they don't believe one can change, or give too much importance for mental status, ethnicity, age, race, etc. The Due process model is quite the contrary, it stress the importance of taking into consideration ones race, age, demographics, etc.The Due process model put importance on respecting ones rights and following all the responsibilities of the law. While still protecting ones freedom. I think the fact that the main components of the Justice system sometimes inflict with each other are the reason why some cases get thrown out. A case, that I remember, is the clear epitome of when the Justice system failed; it took place in the 1993 â€Å"West Memphis Murders. † Three boys were killed in a horrific manner. Why were the murders not solved?Lack of poor evidence collected, rash decisions making, jumping to conclusion, media hype, and the police not following up on hints that were called in. They arrested three boys because they portrayed eccentric behaviors. They went on hearsay; they let the pressure of the media and public convict three caked proper detective tactics, and they pressured one of the suspects into admitting guilt. The Jury wasn't unbiased, everyone felt these boys were guilty and thus found them guilty.Had the law enforcement officers done their Jobs properly they would have followed up on the clue where there was a man completely bloody and delusional, in the bathroom of a fast food restaurant. The cops never showed up there to talk to him, the y went the next day to the restaurant took samples a sample of DNA, blood smear from the wall, and they lost that only sample of evidence. That case went unsolved, a case of three eight or nine year old boys. That shouldn't have happened. The system will fail if the three different entities of the Justice system don't act as one.Technically, I believe the crime control model is more useful because you get a verdict, action is taken, a suspect guilty of a crime pays for that crime accordingly to the severity of the crime; without technicality changing the sentence, or race, demographics, age playing a rule in how severe or lack of severity of the punishment. More criminal activities would be accounted for; people would fear law enforcement officers more. The due process model is more efficient and accurate. They enforce the rules and regulations of the law; they make sure any suspect is treated with the respect they deserve in accordance with the law.I believe both systems need to in teract with one another for it to be fair and Just. One system may come to a conclusion too quickly, while the other may allow someone guilty to get out of crime do solely to a technicality, so no one system is perfect on its own. However, I do believe the crime control model should be more prevalent in the Justice system. I think too much consideration is given to suspects, and why call someone suspect when their guilt is so evident, that really it's a point one percent chance for them not to have committed the crime.I think the severity of the crime should matter; a pedophilia serial killer should not be turned to life in prison where our tax money pays for their living. I don't think capital punishment should be banned; there are some out there that honestly don't deserve the â€Å"luxury' of a prison. An example of this would be, the Jodi Arias case, she stabbed her ex-boyfriend twenty-nine times, shot him, slit his throat, and left him to rot. Is it fair to say that it was an act of assign, when she stole the gun, made sure she had enough gas so that she didn't have to stop anywhere, and took pictures.

Racial bias in the criminal justice system Essay

Numerous study have found widespread racial bias in US criminal justice system. A new report issued by a coalition of civil rights organizations calls the â€Å"massively and pervasively biased† treatment on blacks and Hispanics by the US police and courts the major civil rights problem of the twenty-first century entitled â€Å"Justice on Trial : Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System.† The study finds that minorities in the US face discriminatory treatment at every stage of the judicial process, from arrest to incarceration. The 95 page report was issued by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights based in Washington DC. It’s findings show that blacks, Hispanics and other minorities face unfair targeting by police and other law enforcement officials, racially biased charging and plea bargaining decisions by prosecutors and discriminatory  sentencing by judges.In a report released from Washington DC- Amnesty International criticized Us Federal and state justice systems as riddled with racial discrimination. The report, Racism and the Administration of Justice, cites  as evidence the disproportionate rate of minorities incarcerated, sentenced to death, and executed in the US. In its report, Amnesty International cited cases of racial profiling, unlawful use of force, unlawful shootings, and  deaths in custody affecting minorities from at least 10 states in the US. African Americans and other minorities suffer disproportionate rates of incarceration, accounting for 60 percent of the 1.7 million people currently in jail or prison in the US. African American men are imprisoned at more than eight times the rate of white men, and one third of all young African American men are in jail or prison, on parole, or on probation. African American women are imprisoned at eight times, and Hispanic women at four times, the rate of white women.The overwhelming majority of victims of police brutality, unlawful shootings and deaths in custody are members of racial minorities. A study of 2,000 murder cases in Georgia found that the odds of a death sentence in cases in which blacks murdered whites were s much as 11 times higher than when whites murdered blacks. A study found that in Philadelphia a black defendant is four times more likely to receive a  death sentence than a white defendant. Racism that perverts the course of justice is a daily fact of life for many in the US, yet this plague of bias is over looked, ignored or openly tolerated by police chiefs , prison wardens, judges and our political leaders.Today a full two-thirds of America’s two million prisoners are people of color. One million are African American and 400,000 are Hispanic/  Latino. People of color represent one third of those arrested for drug crimes, but two-thirds of those sent to prison. Whites and racial minorities live in  completely different worlds when it comes to the American criminal justice system.. Since as far back as the 1920’s minorities have been ov er-represented in federal and state prisons. Minorities were then 25% of all prisoners while only about ten percent of the total population.The Kerner Commission warned in its report: â€Å"Our nation is moving towards two societies, one black, one white-separate and unequal.Coramae Richey Mann, Unequal Justice, suggests that white Americans view the classic rapist as a â€Å"black man,† the typical opium user as a â€Å"yellow man,† the archetypal knife wielder as a â€Å"brown man,† the â€Å"red man† as a drunken Indian, and each of these people of color as collectively constituting the â€Å"crime problem†. The race or ethnicity of the stereotyped perpetrator varies between African American, Hispanic, or Native American depending on the nature of the crime or the section of the country.These prejudicial images provide a social-psychological under girding upon which many of the discriminatory aspects of the criminal justice system are  constructed.Racial Discrimination is defined as including any distinction or impairing the exercise of a person’s human rights. The discriminatory treatment of people of color in the criminal justice system fits squarely under  this standard.

Discussing Improving Umbilical Cord Health Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter deals with the treatment of the consequence of the informations analysis to measure the effectivity of topical application of chest milk versus dry cord attention for bettering umbilical cord wellness position of neonates. The treatment is based on the aims of the survey and the hypothesis specified in the survey. With several demographic features of the sample in the experimental group, bulk of neonates 16 ( 58.3 % ) were males and staying 14 ( 46.7 % ) neonates were females. Majority of female parents 17 ( 56.7 % ) were primiparas and staying 13 ( 43.3 % ) female parents were multiparas. Majority of neonates 18 ( 60 % ) were born between 37-38 hebdomads, 10 ( 33.3 % ) neonates were born between 39-40 hebdomads and staying 2 ( 6.7 % ) neonates were born between 41-42weeks. Majority of neonates 19 ( 63.3 % ) had normal birth weight and staying 11 ( 36.7 % ) neonates had low birth weight. Majority of female parents 24 ( 80 % ) did non had any complications and staying 6 ( 20 % ) female parents had maternal complications like gestation induced high blood pressure and gestational diabetes. Majority of female parents 15 ( 50 % ) had lower segmental cesarean subdivision, 12 ( 40 % ) had normal vaginal bringing and staying 3 ( 10 % ) had forceps bringing. Majority of neonates 19 ( 63.3 % ) had tonss of eight and above and staying 11 ( 36.7 % ) neonates had less than eight mark. In the control group, bulk of neonates 18 ( 60 % ) were females and staying 12 ( 40 % ) neonates were males. 15 ( 50 % ) female parents were para Is and 15 ( 50 % ) female parents were multiparas. Majority of neonates 21 ( 70 % ) were born between 37-38 hebdomads, 6 ( 20 % ) neonates were born between 39-40 hebdomads and staying 3 ( 10 % ) neonates were born between 41-42weeks. Majority of neonates 19 ( 63.3 % ) had normal birth weight and staying 11 ( 36.7 % ) neonates had low birth weight. Majority of female parents 22 ( 73.3 % ) did non had any complications and staying 8 ( 26.7 % ) female parents had maternal complications like gestation induced high blood pressure and gestational diabetes. Majority of female parents 15 ( 50 % ) had lower segmental cesarean subdivision, 12 ( 40 % ) had normal vaginal bringing and staying 3 ( 10 % ) had forceps bringing. Majority of neonates 18 ( 60 % ) had tonss of eight and above and staying 12 ( 40 % ) neonates had less than eight mark.The firs t aim was to measure the effectivity of dry cord attention on umbilical cord wellness position among neonates of control group.Data findings in the tabular array 3 showed the appraisal of umbilical cord wellness position of neonates in dry cord attention group by Modified REEDA graduated table. Regard to umbilical cord wellness position by Modified REEDA Scale, On first twenty-four hours of intercession 90 % neonates had no infection, 10 % of neonates had mild infection and none of them had moderate and terrible infection and on the 7th twenty-four hours of intercession 30 % of neonates had no infection, 33.3 % of neonates had mild infection, 26.7 % of neonates had moderate infection and 10 % of neonates had terrible infection on umbilical cord. Data findings in the tabular array no 4 showed the bacterial colonisation of umbilical cord on 3rd twenty-four hours of intercession. With respect to bacterial colonisation, 10 ( 33.3 % ) neonates had no bacterial growing, 8 ( 26.7 % ) neonates had staphylococcus aureus infection, 7 ( 23.3 % ) neonates had proteus infection and 5 ( 16.7 % ) neonates had klebsiella infection in dry cord attention group neonates. Data findings in the tabular array 5 showed the appraisal of umbilical cord wellness position based on umbilical cord falls off on. Regard to umbilical cord falls off yearss, the average figure of cord falls off yearss in dry cord attention group was 7.7 A ± 1.7 yearss. The above consequence was supported by Shoaeib & A ; Barrawy ( 1990 ) conducted a quasi experimental survey on intoxicant or traditional methods versus natural drying for neonate ‘s cord attention in university infirmaries at Alexendria and Minia. In this survey 70 neonates were selected, which was divided into two groups. Group I newborns standard traditional methods or intoxicant cord attention and Group II received natural drying of the umbilical cord. Culture specimens were obtained from umbilical cord on first and 3rd twenty-four hours of birth to observe bacterial colonisation. Rate of bacterial colonisation was significantly lower in the natural drying cord attention group than intoxicant or traditional methods groups. Average clip of cord separation was shorter in natural drying cord attention group as compared with the intoxicant or traditional methods group.The 2nd aim was to measure the effectivity of topical application of chest milk on umbilical cord wellness posit ion among neonates of experimental group.Data findings in the tabular array 3 showed the appraisal of umbilical cord wellness position of neonates in topical application of chest milk cord attention group by modified REEDA graduated table. Regard to umbilical cord wellness position by modified REEDA Scale, On first twenty-four hours of intercession none of the neonates had infection, likewise on the 7th twenty-four hours of intercession 63.4 neonates did non had infection, 33.3 % of neonates had mild infection, 3.3 % of neonates had moderate infection and no 1 had terrible infection. Data findings in the tabular array 4 showed the bacterial colonisation of umbilical cord on 3rd twenty-four hours of intercession. With respect to bacterial colonisation, 18 ( 60 % ) neonates had no bacterial growing, 5 ( 16.7 % ) neonates had staphylococcus aureus infection, 4 ( 13.3 % ) neonates had proteus infection and 3 ( 10 % ) neonates had klebsiella infection in topical application chest milk cord attention group neonates. Data findings in the tabular array 5 showed the appraisal of umbilical cord wellness position based on umbilical cord falls off on. Regard to umbilical cord falls off yearss, the average figure of cord falls off yearss in breast milk group was 6.3A ± 1.3days. The above consequence was supported by Ezmaeili & A ; Ghazvini ( 2006 ) conducted a randomised clinical test survey on effectivity of topical application of chest milk on bacterial colonisation in umbilical cord in Omolbanin infirmary in Mashhad. In this survey 118 samples were selected which was divided into two groups. Each group 59 neonates were assigned. Group I newborns received dry cord attention. All female parents in both groups were instructed about attention of umbilical cord within three hours of birth. Group II neonates were applied breast milk to the umbilical stump three hours after birth and continued every 12 hourly until two yearss after cord separation. Nothing was applied to the umbilical stump of the dry cord attention group. The research worker were obtained an umbilical swab three hours after birth and the 3rd twenty-four hours of life from the base of the cord. Rate of bacterial colonisation were recorded in both groups. They found out that most common civilize d beings were S.Epidermidis, S.Aureus, E.Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae in the umbilical stump and there were important differences between dry cord card and human chest milk groups in colonisation rate. Topical application of breastmilk on umbilical cord leads to cut down bacterial colonisation and cord separation clip and it can be used as easy, inexpensive, non hurt methods for umbilical cord attention.The 3rd aim was to compare the umbilical cord wellness position between the experimental and control group among neonates.Data findings in the tabular array 6 shows the comparing of mean and standard divergence value of topical application of chest milk versus dry cord attention group by modified REEDA graduated table. The above tabular array 6 shows that comparing of mean and standard divergence value of topical application of chest milk versus dry cord attention among experimental and control group. On first twenty-four hours intercession the average value was 0.0 and the standard divergence was 0.0 in the experimental group and the average value was 0.1 and the standard divergence was 0.3 in the control group. On 7th twenty-four hours of intercession the average value was 0.533 and Standard divergence 0.899 in experimental group. In control group mean value was 2.93 and standard divergence was 2.63. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 3.247 in the experimental group and 6.011 in the control group, which shows that there was significance difference among the topical application of chest milk and dry cord attention group at P & lt ; 0.001 degree. Table – 7 shows that comparing of bacterial colonisation among experimental and control group on 3rd twenty-four hours of intercession. With respect to bacterial colonisation, per centum difference of no bacterial growing was ( 26.7 % ) , staphylococcus aureus ( 10 % ) , Proteus ( 10 % ) , Klebsiella it was ( 6.7 % ) . The deliberate ‘t ‘ value of no growing of bacterial colonisation was 2.151, staphylococci aureus colonisation was 0.946, proteus colonisation was 1.010 and klebsiella colonisation was 0.767, which shows that there was important difference among the experimental and control group newborns in bacterial colonisation at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. The above tabular array -8 shows that appraisal of cord falls off among experimental and control group. Regard to umbilical cord falls off yearss, the average value of experimental group was 6.3 and 7.7 in control group. The standard divergence of experimental group was 1.3 and in control group was 1.7. The difference of agencies among experimental and control group was 1.4. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 3.522, which shows that extremely important difference among the experimental and control groups in cord falls off on yearss at P & lt ; 0.001 degree. Hence, the hypothesis ( RH1 ) stated that there is a important difference in umbilical cord wellness position among the experimental and control group neonates. Thus the hypothesis was accepted. The average figure of cord falls off yearss in experimental group was 6.3 A ± 1.3 yearss and control group was 7.7 A ± 1.7 yearss. The average difference was 1.4 yearss. It was statistically important, so hypothesis ( RH1 ) was accepted. The above consequence was supported by Sezer kiza ( 2006 ) conducted a instance control design on umbilical cord attention: comparing topical human milk, providone I and dry cord attention, in urban university infirmary at Turkey. In this survey 150 samples were selected and it was divided into three groups. Each group had 50 neonates. Group I received breast milk on their umbilical cord, group II received providone I and group III received dry cord attention. This survey shows that the mean cord separation clip of chest milk group was significantly shorter than dry cord attention and providone I group at P & lt ; 0.001 degree. Hence, the research hypothesis ( RH1 ) stated that there is a important difference on umbilical cord wellness position between the experimental and control group. This shows that topical aplication of chest milk on umbilical cord has an effectual than dry cord attention. Thus the hypothesis is acceptedThe 4th aim was to tie in the umbilical cord wellness position of neonates between experimental and control group with their demographic variables.Table 9a shows the chi-square value for the association between the cord wellness position with their sex was ( 0.325 ) , para ( 0.597 ) , gestational age ( 1.239 ) , birth weight ( 0.627 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 4.342 ) , type of bringing ( 3.095 ) and Apgar mark ( 1.556 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was no association between experimental group with their demographic variables include sex, para gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Table 9b shows the chi-square value for the association between the cord wellness position with their sex was ( 6.400 ) , para ( 0.844 ) , gestational age ( 12.738 ) , birth weight ( 3.026 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 2.784 ) , type of bringing ( 3.701 ) and Apgar mark ( 2.928 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was no association between experimental group with their demographic variables include sex, para gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Table 10 ( a ) shows the Chi-square value for the association between bacterial colonisation among experimental group with their sex was ( 2.299 ) , para ( 6.606 ) , gestational age ( 4.456 ) , birth weight ( 1.507 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 2.708 ) , type of bringing ( 9.361 ) and Apgar mark ( 0.311 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was no association between experimental group with their demographic variables include sex, para gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Table 10 ( B ) shows the Chi-square value for the association between bacterial colonisation among control group with their sex was ( 3.274 ) , para ( 7.586 ) , gestational age ( 3.480 ) , birth weight ( 1.948 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 2.752 ) , type of bringing ( 4.341 ) and Apgar mark ( 5.714 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was no association between experimental group with their demographic variables include sex, para gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Table 11 ( a ) shows the Chi-square value for the association between umbilical cord falls off among experimental group with their sex was ( 3.519 ) , para ( 4.455 ) , gestational age ( 0.795 ) , birth weight ( 0.895 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 0.170 ) , type of bringing ( 2.813 ) and Apgar mark ( 0.003 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was association among para and umbilical cord falls off. No association between experimental group with other demographic variables include sex, gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree Table 11 ( B ) shows the Chi-square value for the association between umbilical cord falls off among control group with their sex was ( 0.089 ) , para ( 0.4641 ) , gestational age ( 3.597 ) , birth weight ( 0.741 ) , maternal complications during gestation ( 1.099 ) , type of bringing ( 3.817 ) and Apgar mark ( 1.094 ) . So these survey findings shows that there was no association between experimental group with their demographic variables include sex, para, gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark at P & lt ; 0.05 degree The demographic variables ( Sex, Parity, gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark ) of both groups were non holding any association and therefore they were non confounded with the umbilical cord attention. Hence, the research hypothesis ( RH2 ) stated that there is a important association between umbilical cord wellness position between the experimental and control group with their demographic variables ( Sex, Parity, gestational age, birth weight, maternal complications during gestation, type of bringing, apgar mark ) . Tables 9 ( a, B ) , 9 ( B ) , 10 ( a, B ) , 11 ( a, B ) , shows that there was no important association between that umbilical cord wellness position between experimental and control group with the selected demographic variables. Table 9a, showed that there was important association between para and umbilical cord falls off yearss in experimental group. Newborns of para I female parents had lengthier yearss of cord falls off than the neonates of multipara female parents. But, in regard to dry cord attention group there was no association between the cord falls off twenty-four hours with para. From the above analysis and readings, the hypothesis ( H1 ) â€Å" There is a important difference in cord wellness position between the experimental and control group neonates † was accepted. The above credence of ( H1 ) were attributed to the effectivity of topical application chest milk for bettering umbilical cord wellness position of neonates. The hypothesis ( H2 ) â€Å" There is a important association in cord wellness position between the experimental and control group with the demographic variables † . In this survey there will be no important association between experimental and control group except para.

Reading strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading strategy - Term Paper Example A learner needs to survey the book or the article before reading it. A learner need to carry a quick over view of the article in an attempt to get the general overview and idea the author intends to communicate (Van Blerkom, 2009). This will help the reader to have some knowledge on all what the article or the book is all about even before embarking on serious reading of the article. Second step applied in this system of reading is the formulation of a question. A learner needs to formulate a key question he or she will be addressing before he engages herself in reading the article or section. For example, a heading like â€Å"sensory adaptation† can be changed to a question like â€Å"what is sensory adaptation†. Formulating questions force a reader to think about what they are reading about (Allen, 2008). It makes a reader to try to predict what the author main point will be. This gives the reader an ample time during the entire reading process as he or she is in a position to easily note down the key point from the article or the book she is reading. The learner after formulating the question, then he or she need to carefully go through the content of the article. This will help him, or her to get the crucial information that will help her in answering the question he or she had formulated in the second stage (Van Blerkom, 2009). As the learner tries to read the article in search of answers to the questions he had formulated before, he or she become actively involved in the text material. After going through the article, the learners need to recite the answer to the question they had formulated at the early stage. The learners need to record the answers using their different words. The learner should not necessarily look at the text they are reading as they recite the answers. If the learner finds it difficult to recall part or all the answers, then they need to glance over the section they were reading again (Allen,

Storage Area Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Storage Area Networks - Essay Example The end of this millennium saw the arrival of some of the most extensive network storage management technologies, NAS, SAN and others. A precursor of SAN, Network Attached Storage (NAS) is the term assigned to file servers, comprising one or more internal servers, preconfigured disk capacity with a specialized operating system for storage management. NAS servers become part of the network through traditional LAN configurations, allowing storage capabilities as file servers. In terms of applicability, NAS servers have been designed to fit the needs of hosting data for web applications (Troppens). Since this storage technology has been developed specifically to assist in the sharing of files over networks, NAS provides the following advantages of its predecessors: 1. NAS functions using tailor-made or stripped-down version of the operating system suited to fit the needs of managing storage over networks. ... As compared to storage technologies existent before NAS, it provides functions as snapshots, remote mirroring and backup over Fiber Channel SAN. 3. NAS servers allows for easy-to-use PnP (Troppens) file systems, allowing for greater optimization through removal of all functions not required in file serving, increasing storage capabilities in addition to low installation and maintenance costs. 4. NAS servers are easily scalable to suit the needs of an expanding organization A mere shortfall in NAS is its use of conventional network file systems such as NFS (Troppens) or CIFS in coordination with Internet protocols such as FTP or HTTP. This in turn limits the basic premise of file sharing paradigm, providing powerful performance against I/O intensive application requests. Successor to NAS - Storage Area Networks By definition, a SAN (or Storage Area Network) is "a specialized, high-speed network attaching servers and storage devices" (Tate). This new storage networking technology is so flexible that it eliminates the need for a dedicated connection between a server and a storage device, as well as the "concept that the server effectively owns and manages the storage devices". (Bird) SAN is preferred to a very large extent over other network storage capabilities due to a variety of factors; firstly, almost all traditional methods of handling high level of storage, accessibility and availability of sensitive and operational data have failed in wake of increasing requirements for fast and efficient transfers. Secondly, in comparison to a client / server model that supports server-centric data management operations, SAN facilitates the organization with a data-centric model making it possible to transfer large amounts of data without being dependent of the server. It