Ethics & defined Essay

Ethics is commonly defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of people. Gender is the societal dimension of being male or female. Most people acquired sexuality identity by the advance of three. war should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities. No nation can be expected to wage war with one hand even behind its back, withal ethical issues of well-nigh profound nature be raised anytime. Once the actuality of orifice of war becomes the context within which we live, men and women ar labored into set roles.Gender serves as a medium or vector for wars presence in our innermost social settings. This sample volition discuss these ethical issues in war and their link to sex. Discrimination is one of the ethical issues in war. Women have al counselings participated to some extent in combat, but several recent wars have seen them battle on the front lines. While the roles of female ex-combatants vary wi dely the women seem to sh atomic number 18 one pitiful characteristic, limited access to benefits when peace and demobilisation come. This is also true for girls abducted for sexual ser delinquencys and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving community.These groups atomic number 18 often neglected during mobilisation and reintegration or at best women, girls, and boys may receive equal benefits but be treated as a homogenous group which prevents specific needs being addressed. (Goldstein, 2001 pg207-212) inner military unit especially on women especially rape has its own brand of shame to recent wars. From conflicts in Bosnia, Peru and Rwanda women have been singled out for rape, imprisonment, torture and execution. Systematic rape is often used as a instrument of ethnic cleansing.More than 20, 000 Muslim girls and women have been raped in Bosnia since fighting began in 1992. Impregnated girls have been squeeze to bear the enemys child. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg12) intimate violence of women erodes the fabric of community in a way that few weapons can. Rapes damage can be devastating because of strong communal response to the violation and pain stamped on entire families. The harm inflicted in such cases in a woman by a rapist is an attack on her family and culture, as in many societies women are viewed as repositories of a communitys cultural and spiritual values.(UN, 2005 pg8) In addition to rape, girls and women are also playing area to military strengthd prostitution and trafficking during times of war sometimes with complicity of governments and military authorities. During World War II, women were abducted, imprisoned and forced to satisfy the sexual needs of occupying forces and many Asian women were also involved in prostitution during the Vietnam War. The turn continues in todays conflicts. Nearly 80 percent of the 53 million people displaced by wars today are women and children.Refugee families frequently cite rape as the key fa ctor influencing in their ending to seek refuge. (Alison, 2007pg78-83) The high risk of inflection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, accompanies all sexual violence against women and girls. The movement of refugees and marauding military units and the breakdown of health services and public education worsen the daze of diseases and chances for treatment. The exchange of sex for protection during the civil war in Uganda in the 1980s was a bestow factor to the countrys high rate of AIDS.(UN, 2005 pg131) Women suffer a double victimisation, in that they were compelled against their will to join the armed forces and today they are victimised by society for having played a argumentative role in the conflict. They are treated with hostility suspicion for breaching both gender and sex roles. These women are largely excluded from disarmament and reintegration programmes of sierra Leones peace process which favour men and boys. This especially occurs in Sierra Leone. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg7) Men and boys are also victims of gender based sexual violence during war.Women are raped as a way to humiliate the men they are related to, who are often forced to await the assault. In societies where ethnicity is inherited through the male line, enemy women are raped and forced to bear children. Sexual violation of children has devastating effects. The experience of captivity and sexual destroys a girls sense of office and security, of self worth and power of the possibility of safe interpersonal relationships, indeed of any future at all. Men tend to greatly underreport experiences of sexual violence. They may have doubts about their sexuality and fear infertility.(Carpenter, 2003 pg 661-694) A war is only just if it is fought for a good reason. A country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that at that place is a just cause for doing so. Just war theory is the most influential perspective on ethics of war and peace. For a war to be just there must be a just cause, right intention, proper authorization and public declaration, proper authority and public declaration, a last resort, probability of success, and proportionality. passivism is also an ethical issue in war. Pacifism rejects war in favour of peace.It is non violence in all its forms that the most challenging variant of pacifism objects to rather is the specific kind and degree of violence that wars involves which the pacifists objects to. They object to killing in customary and particular mass killing for political reasons, which is part and parcel of the war time experience. Most women are generally pacifists as compared to males. People are pacifists for one or some of these reasons religious faith, non-religious belief in the sanctity of life and practical belief that war is wasteful and ineffective.Pacifism cannot be national insurance policy as it only works when no one wants to attack your country or if the nation with whom you are in d ispute is also committed to pacifism. Because most societies regard going to war as fulfilling a citizens ethical duty, they reward those who give their lives in war. If there is believe in war governed by ethics we should only honour those who give their lives in a just war and who followed the rules of war. It should be wrong to honour dead soldiers who killed the enemy or wounded or raped enemy women. (Harris and King, 1989 pg78)(Goldstein 2001) defines war as deadly inter group violence and feminism as an ideology opposing male domination and promoting gender equality. Cross cultural consistency of gender wars is pervasive and not universal. Women have fought in wars but are portrayed as exceptions to the gender rule that men are warriors. Gender exclusion from combat is by policy choice not by physical ability, women can and do fight. There is no assist for arguments regarding predisposition to aggression and little support for the hypothesised link between testosterone and a ggression.Gender is portrayed as a weapon to humiliate a military opponent or to discredit peace activism and political stand firm from military policy. A recent example is, Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfields remark about media humour swings in regard to criticism of the war in Iraqi, a reference clearly intended to beseech the archetype of the irrational menstrual/menopausal women. Rape in war as well as military homophobia underlies exclusion of policies aimed at sexual minorities. Neither men nor women benefit from war at the get down of the other, both genders lose in war.Neither genetics per se, nor hormones (males or female) nor male bonding nor womens connatural pacifism explain gendered war roles. (Suzzane, 2002 Pg 407). The interdependence between war and gender is obscure. However it is clear that it is not soldiers who make war but societies that make war. War does not happen without womens spangledge cooperation, and participation, however few or many actually take up arms and engage in battle. War is based on a dominatory approach to relationships in which the usual overriding aim is to get the meliorate of or overcome the other who is framed as an opponent or competitor.Gender as we know it, which positions men as dominant and characterises them as aggressive and heroic, is fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is an expression. The compassionate resources of moral sensibility and decency have been buried or seriously depleted. The impetus towards peace that is so infallible in ending of violence conflict is diminished by the discouragement of half the population from restless participation. A gendered perspective of human security enables a more advanced understanding of the perspectives of those involved in conflict including victims perpetrators and decision makers.(Zeigler and Gilbert, 2006)ReferencesAlison, M. (2007) Wartime Sexual Violence Womens human rights and questions of masculinity, Review of Internationa l Studies Pg 75-90 Carpenter, R. C, Women and Children First gender norms and humanitarian evacuation in the Balkans, International Organization 5, 7, 4, 2003, Pg 661-694 Cohn, C Sex and Death in the demythologised World of Defence Intellectuals, Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 1987 Pg 687-78 NO1101 Harris, A and King, Y (eds) Rocking the ship of state Towards a feminist peace politics, Bovider, C.O West view press 1989. Human Rights Watch (HRW) 2000 Rape as a weapon of Ethnic cleansing HRW, March 1. Jousha S. Goldstein (2001) War and Gender How Gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press Pg 201-213. Moser N, and Clark F (eds), victims, Perpetrators or Actors Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence London Zed Books 2001, V. 64. Nashim A Journal of Jewish Womens studies & Gender Issues. Rosemarie Skaing (1999) Women at War Gender issues of Americans in combat McFarland and confederation North Carolina and LondonSymposium on war and Gender, (2003) (Reviews o f Goldsteins Book) Perspectives on policies, 1, 2, 330-347 The state of Worlds Children 1996. UNICEF linked Nations (2005) Africa Renewal Sexual Violence, an invisible war crime Warren, J and Cady, L (1994) Feminism and Peace visual perception connections Hypatia special Issue on Feminism and peace Pg 7-14. HQ1101. World Bank (2002) Addressing Gender Issues in demobilisation and Reintegration Programs, Africa Region Working Paper Series 33 Zeigler, S and Gilbert, G (2006) The Gendered Dimensions of Conflicts Aftermath A